The causes of neuroses are undiagnosed physical diseases. Neurosis - treatment, symptoms, signs, forms, causes of neuroses

), which are based on the pathological development of personality. The clinical picture of this pathology is very diverse and is characterized by mental and physical ( bodily) symptoms.

Statistics on neuroses are very diverse and contradictory. The incidence of this disease depends on the socio-economic and cultural level of development of the country. Thus, 40 percent are registered in the UK, 30 in Italy, 25 in Spain. These numbers change every year. According to the World Health Organization, over the past 70 years the number of patients with neuroses has increased 25 times. At the same time, the number of mental illnesses has doubled. However, these statistics only include those who sought medical help. According to unofficial data, this figure is much higher. Experts in the field say that since the beginning of the twentieth century, the number of neuroses has increased 30-fold. This increase in numbers is also explained by more frequent requests for help. One way or another, neurosis remains the most common mental illness.

Among the adult population, middle-aged individuals are most susceptible to neuroses. As for children, their neuroses predominate at a young age and in older preschool years. According to the American Psychiatric Association, the incidence of neuroses in men ranges from 5 to 80 cases per 1000 population, while in women it ranges from 4 to 160.

As a rule, neuroses are found in the structure of any disease. In the structure of borderline pathologies, neuroses occur in more than 50 percent. As an independent disease, neuroses are less common.

Interesting Facts
The term neurosis was coined by the Scottish physician William Cullen in the twentieth century. From that time to the present day, the term has undergone various interpretations and has not yet received an unambiguous interpretation.

And today, different authors put different content into the concept of neurosis. Some believe that neurosis is the result of chronic overstrain of nervous activity. Most experts generally believe that neurosis is a psychogenic pathology based on interpersonal contradiction. Neurosis reflects problems in human relationships, primarily problems of communication and the search for one’s “I.” This so-called psychoanalytic theory of neurosis was presented by Freud. He believed that neuroses are the result of contradictions between instinctual desires and the laws of morality and ethics.

According to the international classification of diseases, the term “neurotic disorders” is synonymous with neurosis, which covers a wide range of diseases, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, conversion disorder ( the old name of which is hysteria) and neurasthenia.

Causes of neurosis

However, both factors and situations will cause painful and painful experiences. The inability to find a productive way out of a conflict situation leads to mental and physiological disorganization of the individual, which is manifested by mental and physical symptoms.

Psychotraumatic factors and situations are:

• family and household factors and situations;
• interpersonal conflicts;
• intrapersonal ( interpersonal) conflicts;
• derived factors;
• death of loved ones;

Family factors and situations

Family and household factors are:

• separation, divorce or betrayal;
• pathological jealousy;
• constant conflicts, quarrels and unhealthy relationships in the family ( for example, leadership of one family member and suppression of another);
• one-sided disharmonious upbringing of a child;
• excessive severity or self-indulgence;
• symbiotic relationship with one of the parents;
• excessive ambitions of parents.

Interpersonal conflicts

Many experts argue that neurosis is an integral part of life, because it characterizes real life and helps solve problems. It is the inability to resolve conflict or resist it that gives rise to neurotic disorder. If the conflict is not resolved, but is repeated again and again, it disorganizes mental activity, causing constant tension. Thus, conflict either increases stress resistance and strengthens a person, or has a destructive effect on the individual.

Intrapersonal ( interpersonal) conflicts

Maslow's concept of intrapersonal conflict is also very popular. According to this concept, the need for self-realization is the pinnacle of human needs. However, not all people realize this need. Therefore, a gap arises between the need for self-actualization and the real result, which is the cause of neurosis.

One type of conflict is the conflict between the individual and the environment. To protect yourself from the adverse effects of society, a person develops defense mechanisms.

Derived factors

Production factors include an unfavorable work environment, lack of career growth, and low wages.

Death of loved ones

The mechanism of neurosis

According to studies, patients with neurosis sometimes experience changes in the bioelectrical activity of the brain, which is recorded using an electroencephalogram. These changes may be in the form of slow waves or paroxysmal discharges.

Since the nervous and humoral mechanisms are closely related to each other, any change in the psyche is accompanied by a deviation in the functioning of the internal organs. Thus, tension and anger will be accompanied by an increase in adrenaline, which, in turn, will cause those bodily symptoms that are characteristic of neuroses. Together with adrenaline, the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone from the pituitary gland and insulin from the pancreas increases. This, in turn, activates the adrenal cortex, and further enhances the release of catecholamines. The release of these hormones is the main cause of panic attacks in neurotic disorders.

However, all the changes that are observed during neurosis are only temporary and functional in nature. No stable changes in the metabolism of a person with this pathology have been identified, which gives reason to lean more toward psychoanalytic theories.

Freud's psychoanalytic theory of neurosis

As a method of treatment, Freud proposed a method of psychoanalysis based on the restoration of these complexes in memory.

Not all followers of Freudianism adhered to this mechanism of the emergence of neuroses. Freud's student Adler believed that the source of neurosis was the conflict between the desire to rule and one's own inferiority.

Horney's theory

The types of main methods of protection according to Horney are:

• “movement towards people” - the need for submission, love, protection;
• “against people” - the need for triumph over people, for success, for glory.
• “from people” - the need for independence, for freedom.

Symptoms of neurosis

The forms of neurosis are:

• neurasthenia;
• conversion disorder;
• obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Neurasthenia

Mental symptoms of neurasthenia are:

• increased excitability;
• fatigue;
• hot temper;
• irritability;
• rapid change of emotions ( sadness and joy);
• anxiety;
• cognitive disorders in the form of decreased memory and attention.

Physical symptoms of neurasthenia are:

• heartbeat;
• increased sweating;
• hand trembling;
• headache;

As the nervous system becomes exhausted, the ability to adapt and exercise is reduced. Patients begin to get tired quickly and complain of constant physical and mental weakness. A decrease in adaptive abilities leads to increased irritability. Irritability occurs in response to light, slight noise, and the slightest obstacle.

Increased excitability and fatigue also affect emotions ( joy quickly gives way to sadness), appetite ( rapid appearance and satisfaction of hunger), dream ( constant drowsiness and rapid awakening). Under the influence of even minor stimuli, patients wake up. However, even if they sleep, their dreams are restless and, as a rule, accompanied by violent dreams. As a result of this, neurasthenics almost always wake up in a bad mood, without sleep, and with a feeling of weakness. By the middle of the day, their emotional background may improve slightly, they are even capable of certain types of activities. However, by the evening their mood decreases and headaches appear.

The symptoms of neurasthenia can be very variable, but various studies have identified the most common ones.

Common symptoms of neurasthenia are:

• 95 percent – ​​asthenia or weakness;
• 80 percent – ​​emotional instability;
• 65 percent – ​​increased irritability;
• 60 percent – ​​sleep disorders;
• 50 percent – ​​headaches;
• 48 percent – ​​other bodily symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, sweating.

Neurasthenia is characterized by low electrical activity of the brain and irregularity of the alpha rhythm, which is recorded on the EEG ( electroencephalogram).

The neurasthenic complex can be observed in long-term infectious diseases, endocrine pathologies, tumors and brain injuries. However, in this case, neurasthenia has its own specific features.

Conversion disorder

Common symptoms of conversion disorder include:

• seizures;
• motor activity disorders;
• sensitivity disorders;
• autonomic disorders;
• disorders of the senses and speech.

At the same time, during a seizure, a number of autonomic disorders are observed ( redness or paleness, increased blood pressure), which may mislead the doctor.

Movement disorders
With hysteria, paresis, paralysis, and contractures can be observed. In this case, there is a decrease or complete absence of movements in the limbs. Tone during hysterical paresis and paralysis is preserved. Also very often there is a condition such as astasia-abasia, in which the patient can neither sit down nor stand up.

Hysterical contractures often affect the neck muscles ( hysterical torticollis) or limbs. Hysterical paralysis and paresis are selective in nature and in certain situations they can disappear and appear. If a neurological examination is performed, it does not reveal any abnormalities. Tendon and skin reflexes do not change, muscle tone remains normal. Sometimes, when a doctor examines a patient, he deliberately shudders, but at the same time he shudders with his whole body.

Sensitivity disorders
Sensory disturbances in conversion disorder are manifested in anesthesia ( decreased sensitivity), hyperesthesia ( increased sensitivity), and hysterical pain. The difference between sensitivity disorders in hysteria is that it does not correspond to the areas of innervation.

Hysterical pains have a very unusual localization. They can be localized in a certain area of ​​the head ( where there may have once been an injury), in the nails, in the stomach. Sometimes the patient has pain in the place where there was a previous injury or which was previously operated on. Moreover, injuries may date back to early childhood and may not be recognized by the patient.
Patients with hysteria may react differently to painkillers. Sometimes even the administration of narcotic drugs does not “ease” the patient’s condition.

Autonomic disorders
Autonomic disorders observed during hysteria include changes in the color of the patient’s skin ( paleness or redness), fluctuations in blood pressure, vomiting. Hysterical vomiting occurs once and, like all symptoms of hysteria, is observed in the presence of spectators.

On the part of the respiratory system, forced inhalations and exhalations, increased breathing, like a “hound dog,” and shortness of breath may be observed. Sometimes patients can imitate attacks of bronchial asthma or hiccups. Hysterical constipation, diarrhea, and hysterical urinary retention may also occur.

Sensory and speech disorders
With hysterical visual disorders, a narrowing of the visual fields or hysterical blindness is often observed ( hysterical amaurosis). In parallel with visual impairment, color vision disturbances are noted. Hysterical amaurosis can occur in one eye or in both. At the same time, patients claim that they do not see anything, while an ophthalmological examination does not reveal any abnormalities. This is confirmed by the fact that patients with hysterical blindness never find themselves in dangerous situations.

Hysterical deafness is very often observed with hysterical muteness ( mutism). If you ask a patient: “Can you hear me?”, he will shake his head negatively, as if he does not hear ( which, at the same time, will prove that the question was heard by the patient). Hysterical muteness is very often combined with a sensation of a lump or hedgehog in the throat. Patients hold their necks, indicating that something is bothering them there. The difference between hysterical muteness and real muteness is that the cough in patients remains loud.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Obsessive thoughts and ideas
This could be a melody, individual phrases or some images. Often they are in the nature of memories and bring a certain atmosphere. They can also acquire a tactile character and be expressed in certain sensations. Obsessive thoughts are expressed as obsessive fears and doubts. These may be doubts about the correctness of the work performed or its completion. Thus, thoughts about whether the gas is turned off or not can force a person to check the stove dozens of times. Even after performing the ritual ( for example, check the switches on the stove seven times) after a certain time, painful doubt about what was done returns to the patient.

With intrusive memories, patients constantly try to remember something - works, first and last names, geographical names. With obsessive philosophizing, people constantly think about some things that “supposedly could happen.” For example, they think about what will happen if a person grows a tail or wings, if there is weightlessness on Earth, and so on. This type of obsessive thoughts is also called “mental chewing gum.” These thoughts constantly swirl in the patient’s head, forcing him to think. In addition to obsessive philosophies, obsessive comparisons may arise. The patient is overcome by doubts about which is better - summer or winter, a pencil or a pen, a book or a table, etc.

Obsessive fears ( phobias)
Obsessive fears are those fears that involuntarily arise in people’s minds and, as a rule, subsequently lead to their social maladjustment. The most common phobias are associated with the fear of dying, contracting some kind of disease, as well as the fear of open and enclosed spaces.

The following obsessive fears are clearly defined:

• fear of heart disease – cardiophobia;
• fear of getting cancer - cancerophobia;
• fear of developing a mental illness – lissophobia;
• fear of enclosed spaces - claustrophobia;
• fear of open spaces – agoraphobia;
• fear of germs – mysophobia.

Obsessive actions ( compulsions)
Obsessive actions or compulsions most often have the nature of a ritual. For example, a patient must wash his hands 7 times or touch an object 3 times before eating. In this way, patients try to overcome their obsessive thoughts and fears. After completing these actions, they experience some relief.

Obsessive actions also occur in other diseases, such as schizophrenia. However, in this case they are extremely absurd.

Sexual dysfunction in neuroses

Types of sexual dysfunction in neurosis are:

• alibidemia – decreased libido;
• erectile dysfunction – lack of erection;
• dyserection syndrome – loss of erection during sexual intercourse;
• disinhibition of sexual desire ( frequent erections);
• anorgasmia – lack of orgasm;
• psychogenic vaginismus is an involuntary contraction of the pelvic and vaginal muscles.

In 40 percent of women with neuroses, anorgasmia is observed. Psychogenic vaginismus, which occurs due to fear of sexual intercourse, is observed in one in ten women.

Treatment of neurosis

How can you help a person in a state of neurosis?

First aid for an attack of neurosis
One of the most effective methods of helping a patient during neurosis is verbal support. To alleviate suffering, a number of rules should be followed when talking with a sick person.

• You should not try to start a conversation first. It is necessary to be close to the sick person and let him know that he is not alone. The desire to speak out may arise spontaneously in a patient with neurosis, and it is important not to miss this moment. Don’t ask cliched questions or say phrases like “Do you want to talk about this?” or “Trust me.” Sometimes help involves turning off the light, bringing a glass of water, or attending to other needs of the patient.
• If the patient allows, you should stroke his arms and back. This will help establish closer contact with the person.
• If neurotic ( person with a neurotic disorder) began to talk about his experiences, it is necessary to give him words of encouragement. You should try to make the patient talk more about his internal sensations, feelings and emotions that bother him.
• Regardless of what the patient says, it is worth letting him know that his experiences are normal. Encouraging a neurotic person to not be ashamed of his tears and sincere emotions is the main task that his loved ones should set for themselves.
• You should not clarify details or ask leading questions. But if a person with neurosis begins to talk about what worries him, you should listen to him carefully and show your participation in the conversation. A good way of support is a personal story in which a relative of the patient can talk about similar moments he experienced. You should avoid standard phrases like “I understand how hard it is for you now” or “the same thing happened to me.” All suffering and experiences are individual, and even the closest people cannot be aware of what a neurotic person is experiencing. The best option would be the phrase: “It’s not easy for you now, but I’ll be there and help you get through it.”

Relieving muscle tension during neurosis
During stress, various muscle groups tense, which provokes discomfort and increases the level of anxiety. Being close to the patient, a loved one can offer him help in carrying out exercises that will promote relaxation.

Muscle relaxation techniques include:

• normalization of breathing;
• massage;
• exercise to calm down;
• water procedures.

Ways to regulate breathing are:

• cross breathing;
• belly breathing;
• breathing into a paper bag.

Cross breathing
The stages of the cross-breathing procedure are:

• close your right nostril with your fingers and take a deep breath with your left;
• close your left nostril with your fingers and exhale air with your right;
• repeat the exercise 3 times;
• Next, you should close your left nostril and draw in air with your right;
• close your right nostril and exhale with your left;
• repeat the exercise 3 times.

Breathing into a paper bag
Breathing with a paper bag will help reduce the amount of oxygen that enters the lungs and increase the amount of carbon dioxide. This will allow the patient to normalize the respiratory process and return to normal. To start breathing, you need to put the bag to your face and press it tightly with your hands so that air does not enter inside. After this, you should ask the patient to start inhaling and exhaling into the bag until breathing returns to normal. An alternative to a paper bag can be cupped palms placed over the neurotic’s mouth and nose.

Massage for neurosis
Massaging specific muscle groups helps relieve physical and emotional stress. The muscles of the neck, shoulders, and head are the most vulnerable to stress. It is in these areas that patients feel tightness at the time of anxiety most strongly.

Before starting the massage, you should ask the patient to wash his face with cold water and take a comfortable position in a chair or armchair. A person helping a neurotic person should begin the massage with the shoulders and neck. To do this, you can use gentle tapping and kneading movements. After the tension in your shoulders and neck has subsided, you need to start massaging your temples with light circular movements. All actions during the massage should be coordinated with the patient’s sensations. If he experiences discomfort, the session should be stopped. After the temporal zone, you need to proceed to the points that are located on the inner corners of the eyebrows. You need to massage with the tip of the index or middle finger of your right hand. In this case, it is necessary to support the patient’s head from behind with your left hand. When performing a massage, it should be taken into account that the duration of pressure on one point should not exceed 45 seconds. After the eyes, you should proceed to the scalp. You need to massage in a circular motion, moving from the hair growth area to the crown, then to the neck and back.

Muscle relaxation
One of the effective methods to get rid of muscle tightness during stress is progressive muscle relaxation. This method includes two stages - tension and subsequent relaxation of various muscle groups. The help of a loved one consists of sequentially indicating the parts of the body that need to be tensed and relaxed. The assistant can also turn on relaxing music, dim the lights, or fulfill the patient’s request, which will help him better concentrate on performing the exercises.

The parts of the body that need to be consistently tensed and relaxed are:

• right foot ( if the patient is left-handed, he should start with the left foot);
• left foot;
• right shin;
• left shin;
• right thigh;
• left thigh;
• thighs, buttocks;
• rib cage;
• back;
• right arm, including hand;
• left arm with hand;
• shoulders;
• facial muscles.

Water procedures
Water has a relaxing effect on the nervous system. You can increase the effectiveness of water procedures using essential oils of those plants that have a sedative or tonic effect.

Types of water procedures for neurosis are:

• inhalation;
• wraps;
• baths.

Wraps
This procedure has a gentle effect on the body and is widely practiced for neuroses. Add 10 drops of essential oil to a container of warm water in the amount of 2 liters. Soak a sheet made of natural fibers in the liquid, wring it out and wrap it around the patient’s body. The duration of stay in the sheet is no more than 15 – 20 minutes.

Baths
A bath with essential oil will help relieve muscle pain. Also, such procedures have a calming and relaxing effect on the nervous system. In order for the essential oil to be better distributed in the water, you should mix it with table or sea salt, honey, and cream. The duration of the first bath should not exceed 10 minutes. Subsequently, the session can be increased to 15 minutes. The water temperature should be selected according to the patient's condition. At 30 degrees the bath has a tonic and invigorating effect, at 37 degrees it has a calming effect. To prevent the bath from causing a worsening of the condition, these procedures should not be performed after meals or at a body temperature above 37 degrees. Contraindications for baths with essential oils are skin lesions, epilepsy, diabetes, and cancer.

Essential oils for neurosis
Before carrying out any procedures using essential oils, you should conduct a test to identify the patient's allergy to this product. To do this, apply a drop of oil to the crook of your elbow. Signs of intolerance to essential oils are shortness of breath, increased heart rate, redness of the skin, and headache.

Essential oils that can be used for water procedures for neurosis are :

• anise oil – eliminates tearfulness, fights stress and reduces nervous system excitement;
• orange oil – promotes healthy sleep, improves mood;
• basil oil – normalizes the overall tone of the body;
• clove oil – eliminates headaches, helps restore strength after physical and mental fatigue;
• jasmine oil – promotes sound and healthy sleep;
• lavender oil – fights depression, reduces nervous system excitement;
• Rose oil – increases performance and causes a feeling of vigor.

Factors that can distract the patient during an attack are:

• Concentration of attention on surrounding objects– The patient should be asked to take a verbal inventory of everything in the room. It is necessary to ask the patient to describe in detail the furniture, accessories, textiles, and toys. You can remember the stories associated with the purchase or use of each item.
• Carrying out daily duties– if the patient’s physical condition allows, you should try to involve him in cleaning, washing dishes or preparing food.
• Hobby– Doing what you love will allow you to take your mind off internal stress.
• Music– calm music will help you relax and take your mind off negative thoughts. Listening to music can be combined with doing household chores or other activities.
• Check– Recounting the days remaining until a vacation or other event will allow you to take your mind off stress. The patient can also be asked to draw up an estimate for the planned repairs and other topics of interest to him that require concentration and a rational approach.
• Games– board, logic and other types of games will help a neurotic person reduce their anxiety level.

Actions that relatives of a neurotic person can take for preventive purposes are:

• a joint visit to a psychotherapist;
• control of medication intake;
• assistance in changing lifestyle.

Taking medications
If a doctor prescribes medications, relatives should ensure that the medications are available at home and monitor their use by the patient. When prescribing serious psychotropic drugs, loved ones should study contraindications and side effects to prevent trouble.

Lifestyle for neurotic disorders
An unhealthy lifestyle is a factor that aggravates neurosis. Therefore, the patient’s environment should help him change his habits and lifestyle.

The rules of life with neurosis are:

• Balanced diet– the patient’s menu should include a sufficient amount of carbohydrates, proteins and fats so that the body is provided with energy. The condition of a neurotic person can be aggravated by alcoholic drinks, tobacco products, and caffeine. Also, you should not abuse fatty, salty, spicy and fried foods.
• Physical activity– People suffering from neurosis benefit from physical activity. The effectiveness of classes increases if they are carried out in the fresh air. This could be roller skating, jogging or walking in the park, or cycling. The presence of a loved one nearby is an effective motivation to systematically play sports.
• Timely and healthy rest– sleep has a great influence on the restoration of the nervous system, preventing overstrain and emotional breakdowns. The benefits of a good night's sleep cannot be offset by other means. Therefore, family members of a neurotic person should assist in normalizing his sleep. Ways to help ensure an effective night's rest include a relaxing bath before bed, a regularly ventilated bedroom, and no caffeine or tobacco products at least 6 hours before bedtime.
• Having a hobby– doing something you love helps you take your mind off problems at work or other unpleasant factors. The close environment may interest the patient by inviting him to do some things together ( embroidery, fishing, cooking) or visiting a gym, dance studio, or weapons range.
• Limiting the influence of external negative factors– in a family where a person with neurosis lives, watching horror films and listening to heavy music should be minimized.

Psychotherapy for neurosis

The most commonly used methods of psychotherapy for neuroses are:

• group therapy;
• art therapy;
• autogenic training;
• psychodrama;
• psychoanalysis.

One of the options for group therapy is intrafamily therapy, in which the conversation is carried out among members of the entire family. The effectiveness of family psychotherapy is very high, since it establishes the source of mental trauma. Knowing the traumatic factor, it becomes easier to improve the climate in the family. It is not only the therapist who influences, but also all members of the discussion.

Art therapy
Treatment with various methods of art ( visual, theatrical, musical) in order to reduce voltage. This achievement in art therapy is called sublimation. This means that the energy of internal tension, which the patient relieves himself, is redirected to achieving certain goals in art. At the same time, the abilities of self-expression and self-knowledge develop.

Autogenic training
This is a method of self-hypnosis in which relaxation is initially achieved, and then suggestions are made on various functions of the body.
Sessions are carried out lying or sitting, the arm muscles relax. Then follows a series of exercises aimed at reducing tension. For example, the patient lies down on the couch and repeats the phrase “The body is heavy” a certain number of times, then “I am completely calm.” When the patient is completely relaxed, self-hypnosis rhythms such as “calmness,” “heaviness,” and “warmth” are set. In order to master this technique, the patient sometimes needs several months. The advantage of this method is that it can be done at home using an audio recording.

Using this method, you can learn to control not only your mental processes, but also physiological ones ( for example, breathing). This therapy is very effective for neurasthenia.

Psychodrama
This method uses dramatic improvisation to explore the patient's inner world in more detail. Psychodrama is used both in group therapy and in individual therapy ( monodrama).

The session initially begins with a warm-up, to achieve which various games and exercises are performed. Then there is a choice of a participant who will work on his problem in a psychodramatic action. This participant can choose a partner from the group to play out his situation. The drama lasts 30 minutes – 2 hours. In psychodrama, both real actions and actions from the past can be played out.

Psychoanalysis
There are more than 20 concepts of modern psychoanalysis. Classical psychoanalysis is based on the verbalization of thoughts through various associations, narration of dreams and fantasies. At this time, the psychotherapist is trying to analyze the unconscious conflicts that are the cause of neurosis. Thus, an analysis of complexes, desires and experiences repressed into the unconscious takes place.

The stages of psychoanalysis are:

• Stage 1 – accumulation of material by interpreting dreams and making associations;
• Stage 2 – interpretation, by interpreting conflict situations;
• Stage 3 – resistance analysis;
• Stage 4 – development and restructuring of the psyche.

Freud's symbols are:

• ring road - hopelessness of the situation;
• wall is an obstacle;
• snake, canes, skyscrapers ( straight, hard objects) – phallic symbols ( penis symbols);
• hats, caves are symbols of female genital organs;
• ladder - career path.

Drug treatment of neurosis

For neuroses, the following groups of drugs are usually used:

• tranquilizers – alprazolam, phenazepam.
• antidepressants – fluoxetine, sertraline.
• sleeping pills – zopiclone, zolpidem.

Medicines used for neuroses

Prevention of recurrences of neurosis

Measures that will help prevent neurosis are:

• balanced diet enriched with vitamins;
• eliminating factors that can provoke the disease;
• developing a tolerant attitude towards stress.

Nutrition for neuroses

Substances that products should contain in a healthy diet are:

• carbohydrates;
• proteins;
• fats;
• vitamins.

High carbohydrate foods are:

• legumes ( peas, beans, lentils);
• vegetables ( broccoli, Brussels sprouts, potatoes, corn, bell peppers);
• fruits ( apricot, banana, pear, plum, melon);
• nuts ( peanuts, almonds, cashews);
• bran ( wheat, oat);
• pasta from durum wheat;
• bread ( rye, grain).

Protein foods for the prevention of neurosis
Protein is a source of amino acids that support the body's immune system. Protein foods should make up about 20 percent of your daily food intake.

High protein foods include:

• eggs;
• cottage cheese, cheese;
• liver;
• meat ( chicken, beef);
• fish ( tuna, sardine, salmon, mackerel);
• soy products ( milk, cheese).

Harmful fats and products containing them include:

• saturated fats– fatty meats, dairy products, rendered fat, lard, egg yolk, butter;
• transported ( artificial) fats– confectionery, frozen meat and fish semi-finished products, spread, margarine, chips;
• cholesterol– margarine, egg yolk, canned fish and meat, liver.

Foods that contain healthy fats include:

• salmon and other types of fatty fish;
• oil ( olive, nut, sesame, corn, rapeseed);
• nuts ( cashews, almonds);
• seeds ( flax, sunflower, pumpkin, sesame).

Foods that cause nervous tension
There are a number of foods, excessive consumption of which can provoke the development or return of neurosis. In addition, some foods and drinks reduce the absorption of vitamins and other nutrients.

Products that should be avoided when preventing neurotic disorders are:

• Alcohol– alcoholic drinks stimulate the production of adrenaline, which causes insomnia, irritability and tension.
• Caffeine– coffee, cola, strong tea disrupt the natural process of rest and wakefulness, which causes exhaustion of the nervous system.
• Sugar– an excess of this product in the body can provoke anxiety and depression.
• Fatty food- A study was conducted at Ohio State University that proved the fact that stress reduces metabolic rate. Eating high-calorie foods can cause excess weight, which will cause stress to return.
• White bread and other flour products– such foods are poor in vitamins, and the body spends a large amount of energy to absorb them.
• Flavor enhancers, food additives, dyes, preservatives, spices– have a stimulating effect on the nervous system.

Breakfast should not contain meat and coarse fiber, as such products can cause drowsiness, laziness, and a feeling of heaviness in the stomach. Also, in the early and late hours it is necessary to avoid fatty and heavy foods. Preference should be given to dairy and fermented milk products, fruits and vegetables. In order for foods to have time to digest, the pause between meals should be at least two hours. You need to have dinner 2-3 hours before going to bed. This will avoid the accumulation of toxins in the body and ensure sound and healthy sleep.

During neuroses, many people experience a false feeling of hunger, as a result of which they begin to overeat and gain extra pounds. Excess weight can be a reason that slows down the healing process. You should not use strict diets or severely limit the amount of food you eat, as this can cause neurosis. People prone to this disease should divide the amount of food consumed per day into 4 to 6 meals. This will avoid overeating, and will also provide the required amount of nutrients and beneficial elements with minimal energy expenditure. An adult should eat about 2 kilograms of food per day.

The rules for distributing the daily allowance of products are:

• breakfast – 30 percent;
• second breakfast – 5 percent;
• lunch – 40 percent;
• afternoon snack – 5 percent;
• dinner – 20 percent.

Situations that provoke anxiety and working with them

Factors that often cause nervous exhaustion include:

• life goals;
• Job;
• relationships with loved ones.

Situations in which feelings of dissatisfaction arise when setting goals are:

• the goal is set, but the person experiences a feeling of anxiety at the thought that he should begin to take action to achieve it;
• stress can arise in cases where a person makes efforts, but the goal remains unattainable;
• A common situation is when a goal is achieved, but this fact does not bring satisfaction to a person.

The rules for setting goals are:

• The implementation of the plan should not depend on the environment or circumstances. A properly set goal should be effortlessly formulated in one simple sentence without additional phrases.
• When defining a task, you need to focus not only on the end result, but also on the process of achieving it, which should bring pleasure.
• When setting goals, you should use specific language. So, the phrase “I want to earn more money” should be replaced with the expression “I want an increase in wages by 10 percent” or “I want to find a source of additional income in the amount of $100 per month.” This will allow a person to later more easily determine at what stage of goal realization he is.
• When setting goals, a person must know exactly why he needs their implementation. Otherwise, there is a high probability of disappointment in achieving this goal.

• timely identification of symptoms of excessive stress;
• maintaining a healthy lifestyle;
• correct determination of priorities at work;
• getting rid of factors that slow down the work process.

Signs of burnout in the workplace include:

• poor concentration;
• sleep problems;
• disruptions in the digestive system;
• muscle tension and headaches;
• loss of sexual desire;
• excessive craving for alcohol.

Timely measures taken to combat work stress will help prevent neurotic disorder.

Self-care in the workplace
The rules that must be followed at work are:

• Physical activity– To reduce stress levels, you should spend 30 minutes doing aerobic exercise. If classes are difficult to fit into your work schedule, you need to divide the training into several short sessions.
• Meal schedule– hunger at work can cause irritability, and an excessive feeling of fullness provokes lethargy. Therefore, during the day it is necessary to eat small portions, doing this in a calm environment.
• Bad habits– Nicotine abuse in the workplace contributes to increased anxiety. You should also control the desire to reduce stress with alcohol, as this can cause alcohol addiction.
• Rest– lack of sleep makes a person vulnerable to stress. To maintain emotional calm, you need to sleep at least 7 to 8 hours a day.

The rules for organizing the work process are:

• Balanced schedule– proper planning of work tasks will help avoid overwork.
• Arriving at work on time– being late represents an additional source of stress.
• Regular breaks– during the working day it is necessary to take breaks in order to restore strength. When completing a large project, you need to break it down into several small parts. This will allow you to control the process and save strength.
• Determining importance– when planning your workday, high-priority tasks should be put first. Also, those tasks whose implementation is difficult or unpleasant for the employee should be placed at the top of the list.
• Delegation of Responsibility– you should not try to do everything yourself and control every step of your work colleagues.
• Willingness to compromise– working in a team, it is necessary to take into account and agree with the opinions of other team members.

Factors that make it difficult to manage stress at work include:

• Perfectionism– the belief that an imperfect result is not acceptable and the desire to achieve the impossible provoke a feeling of dissatisfaction with oneself.
• Mess– chaos in the workplace makes it difficult to concentrate, which causes tension.
• Negative thoughts– negative judgments are a source of stress. In addition, searching for and discussing the shortcomings of his work, a person wastes time, which prevents him from coping with his responsibilities and entails emotional problems.

• The problem should be driven by the desire to correct the situation, and not to prove that one is right.
• Arguments and arguments should relate only to the conflict that has arisen. There is no need to remember past grievances.
• In some cases, a dispute may end before it even begins. To do this, you need to decide that the problem is not worth spending time and energy on.
• When discussing a conflict, you should try to accept the position of the opposite side and see the situation through the eyes of another person.
• You should respond to arguments calmly and respectfully. It is worth making it clear to the interlocutor that the purpose of the conversation is the desire to resolve the issue constructively.
• Punishing the culprit rarely helps compensate for the emotional losses. Sincere forgiveness of the offender will quickly bring a feeling of satisfaction.
• There are situations when you should take your opponent's side in a dispute, even if there are arguments against his opinion.

Developing resistance to stress

Ways to cope with stressful situations are:

• physical exercise;
• stress analysis;
• relaxation;
• looking at the situation from a different angle.

Groups of physical exercises aimed at preventing neurotic disorders are:

• dynamic loads (squats, race walking, running, jumping, aerobic exercise) – help increase the excitability of the nervous system and are recommended when the overall tone of the body decreases;
• muscle relaxation, breathing exercises– reduce tension in case of excessive emotional excitability;
• exercises for neck and head muscles, deep breathing– normalize cerebral and peripheral blood circulation. Performed at the time of alarm in order to prevent the situation from worsening.

One of the effective ways to analyze personal stress is a diary, which does not provide any difficulties, but requires time and patience. The principle of this method is to compile notes containing information about where and under what circumstances anxiety, worry and other symptoms of stress were identified. It is better to record observations in the evening after the end of the working day. Both external circumstances and internal sensations should be indicated in detail. After some time, you need to return to the notes. In most cases, such actions lead to the conclusion that the initial reaction was excessive and did not correspond to the level of the event that occurred. This allows you to control your stress level if similar circumstances arise.

Relaxation
Timely rest, physical and mental relaxation are an effective way to prevent neurosis. One of the effective ways to get rid of anxiety and normalize the emotional background is baths with the addition of medicinal plants. Such procedures will help reduce the negative impact of events that happened during the day, relieve fatigue and normalize sleep. In order for baths to bring maximum benefits, a number of rules should be followed.

• You should take baths before going to bed;
• the water temperature should be 36 - 37 degrees;
• Procedures should be carried out every other day for a duration of no more than 20 minutes;
• the water in the bath should not exceed the area of ​​the heart;
• aromatic candles, dim lighting, meditation - all this will allow you to relax faster and enhance the effect of the bath.

Plants that have a sedative effect are:

• chamomile;
• lavender;
• Linden ( flowers);
• sage;
• valerian;
• spruce ( needles).

The stages of performing the photography technique are:

• First, you need to quickly scroll through all the moments of the event in your thoughts.
• Next, you need to select a frame that most fully reflects the essence of the situation and present it in the form of a photograph.
• You should look closely at the image for a few seconds, paying attention to small details. If there are people in an imaginary photo, you need to look intently at their facial expressions and body postures.
• Then the photograph must be framed and hung on the wall. To do this, you should mentally select a photo frame ( choose material, shape, size) and find a place on the wall. After placing the image, you need to imagine that spotlights and other lighting elements are shining on the picture.
• The next step is to imagine that several years have passed. It is necessary to look at the photo through the eyes of a person for whom this event is far in the past.
• Returning to the present, you need to rethink the event and compare sensations. If the difference between the reactions is small, you should continue to work mentally with the picture. You can imagine how a children's artist, caricaturist or impressionist would depict this frame.

What can contribute to the occurrence of neurosis?

The reasons that contribute to the development of neurosis are:

1. Job:

• improper planning of the working day;
• no breaks in work;
• the desire to always be on top and live up to your idols;
• unwillingness to share responsibility or lack of such opportunity;
• painful perception of criticism;
• moral dissatisfaction from the duties performed.

1. Family:

• unresolved conflicts;
• feeling of resentment towards loved ones;
• lack of people with whom you can share your own experiences;
• desire to control all family members;
• inability to assess a situation through the eyes of another person;
• dependence on spouse spouses), parents;
• unrealized feeling of love, care;
• unwillingness to compromise.

1. Habits and lifestyle:

• lack of a favorite activity or hobby;
• setting wrong life goals;
• lack of physical activity;
• prolonged lack of sleep;
• pessimistic outlook on life;
• inability to cope with negative emotions;
• inability to express and realize your true needs;
• smoking, alcoholism and other bad habits;
• excessive passion for sweet, fatty foods;
• inability to look at a situation with humor.

Neurosis: types, signs, methods of treatment

Maria Barnikova

Neurosis is a common disorder recorded in children and adults. Read about the causes, symptoms, types and treatments of neurosis.

A separate niche among psychogenic diseases is occupied by neuroses, also called neurotic disorders. Neurosis– a collective term denoting certain types of neurotic disorders that are reversible and characterized by a persistent, protracted course of the disease.

Neurosis can occur in men and women of different ages, regardless of their social status, level of education, financial security, and marital status. In a special risk group for the development of neurotic disorders are persons who are in the natural biological stages of life - during puberty and in the phase of decline of body functions.

Neurosis is often recorded in children during puberty, when sudden changes in hormonal levels make a teenager especially susceptible to various life events. However, in children, neurosis most often goes away on its own and does not entail the development of dangerous and protracted mental disorders. At the same time, neurosis that arises in adults as they approach old age is fraught with the development of mental disorders and often becomes the cause of diseases of internal organs.

Neurosis implies the manifestation in a patient of a variety of painful phenomena that arose as a result of prolonged exposure to negative ones or developed as a result of acute ones. The leading factor initiating the formation of neurosis is the presence of unresolved internal conflicts in the subject or the external pressure of negative circumstances.

Moreover, the above aspects do not necessarily have to have a high intensity of action: neurosis can be the result of significant mental overstrain or prolonged unrest. The clinical symptoms of certain types of neuroses are numerous and varied, but the dominant positions among the signs of neurotic disorders are the asthenic status of the patient, the presence of either irrational fears, or the subject’s demonstration of reactions of hysterical content.

What can neurosis lead to? Neurosis in the vast majority of cases is the cause of a decrease in a person’s mental activity, a decrease in physical endurance and work productivity, and a deterioration in the quality of work. In addition, the progression of neurosis leads to the fact that a person clearly expresses negative character traits - conflict, irritability, aggressiveness, which ultimately causes limited contacts in society and deterioration of relationships in social groups. If treatment is untimely or incorrectly carried out, neurosis can transform into psychotic-level disorders, which are characterized by a change in the structure of the patient’s personality.

Causes of neurosis

From the point of view of physiological teachings, neurosis is a pathological state of the body caused by prolonged disruptions in the higher nervous activity of a person. This phenomenon is a consequence of excessive mental activity with an excessive number of simultaneously ongoing nervous processes occurring in the cerebral cortex. Within the framework of the physiological theory, neurosis is the result of overstrain of the nervous system due to long-term or short-term exposure to stimuli that are excessive for the subject’s mental capabilities.

Scientists also put forward other hypotheses, according to which the cause of neurosis is a combination of two factors: the presence of an excessive stimulus and specific features of a person’s personal portrait. At the same time, the significance of the current stimulus does not depend to a large extent on its intensity, spontaneity and existing threat. The cause of neurosis is precisely how a person perceives and interprets this stressor. As research shows, the attitude to the experienced situation and, accordingly, the emergence of affective emotions depends on the individual characteristics of the individual, namely: the person’s existing way of responding to any danger signal and the speed of response to the presented stimulus.

Among the reasons contributing to the emergence of neurosis, the actual functional state of the body also plays a significant role. Those at high risk of developing neurotic disorders are people who lead an unhealthy lifestyle, do not comply with work and rest schedules, experience enormous mental overload and are mentally overtired. The development of neurosis also depends on the type of activity that the subject carries out and his attitude towards the duties performed. Among the causes of neurosis are the realities of our turbulent modernity with an abundance of negative information and excessive demands on a “successful” person.

It should be emphasized that neurosis is not a hereditary, genetically determined disorder. Its appearance is almost always associated with the conditions in which the subject grew up and was brought up. The main cause of neurosis in children is growing up in a dysfunctional family. Living with drinking relatives, frequent scandals between parents, and overly expressive expressions of feelings by parents lay the groundwork for the formation of neurotic reactions in a child.

Neurosis can arise not only due to prolonged experience of negative feelings. Very bright and intense positive emotions can also cause neurosis. Therefore, carrot-and-stick education often leads to neurotic disorders.

Children also very often imitate the behavior of their parents. If it is customary in a family to achieve what they want with the help of hysterics or to prove that they are right by completely ignoring their household members, then a child with a fragile psyche will probably develop an asthenic state, depressive moods, or hysterical habits over time. In the future, such a person will become a real despot in the family or will be a talented “hysteric” in order to commit unlawful acts and not be punished. Since a person forms a habit very quickly, and a neurotic simply does not have the inner core to give up a harmful pattern of behavior, most children who grew up in a dysfunctional environment have various types of neuroses.

From the point of view of psychoanalytic theories, neurosis is a product that arose due to the existence of an unresolved conflict in the depths of the human psyche. Such a psychological conflict often arises due to the lack of satisfaction of the existing basic needs of the individual. The foundation for neurosis is the existence of a real or imagined threat to the future, which the person interprets as an unsolvable problem.

Other causes of neurosis include:

• social isolation of a person;
• contradictions between instinctive drives and moral norms;
• total control from others;
• excessive need for recognition and protection;
• unsatisfied thirst for power and glory;
• unfulfilled need for personal freedom;
• the desire to perform all actions perfectly;
• and inability to get quality rest;
• lack of skills to respond competently to .

The biological cause of neurosis is insufficient production of certain neurotransmitters and a malfunction in the functioning of neurotransmitter systems. Such defects make a person overly susceptible to the action of various stimuli, endow him with emotional lability and deprive him of the ability to functionally resolve difficult situations.

Among the reasons predisposing to the onset of neurosis, scientists name acute viral and infectious diseases, which worsen the body’s overall resistance to negative factors. Particular importance in the development of neurotic disorders is given to a person’s harmful habits. Chronic alcoholism and the use of psychoactive substances primarily “hit” the nervous system, rewarding the person with painful neurotic reactions.

Symptoms of neurosis

Before starting treatment of neurosis, it is necessary to clearly differentiate the human condition from psychotic level disorders. The criteria for identifying neuroses are the following aspects:

• The leading role in the formation of neuroses is assigned to the action of psychogenic factors.
• The person realizes the abnormality of his condition and makes efforts to compensate for the painful symptoms.
• Neurotic disorders are always reversible.
• Upon objective examination of the patient, he does not have any symptoms of personality change.
• The patient remains critical of his condition.
• All the symptoms that arise cause the person the difficulties he feels.
• The subject is ready to cooperate with the doctor, he tries to make efforts to achieve success in treatment.

Among the symptoms of neuroses, two large groups can be distinguished: psychological signs and physical phenomena. Let's describe them in more detail.

Psychological signs of neurosis

Psychological (mental) symptoms include the following factors:

• Lack of emotional stability in the subject.
• Frequent mood swings for no apparent reason.
• The appearance of indecision and lack of initiative in a person.
• Lack of adequate self-esteem: excessive underestimation of one’s abilities or overestimation of one’s own capabilities.
• The appearance of obsessive uncontrollable fear.
• Experiencing a feeling, anticipating some kind of trouble.
• Excessive nervousness, irritability.
• Restlessness and fussiness of actions.
• Conflict and aggressiveness towards others.
• A critical and cynical attitude towards what is happening.
• Uncertainty in one's own aspirations, contradictory desires.
• Excessive reaction to the slightest changes in the usual lifestyle.
• Tearfulness without any objective reasons.
• Suspiciousness, vulnerability, impressionability.
• Touchiness, pickiness about other people's words.

A common symptom of neurosis is fixation of attention on a traumatic event. A person obsessively thinks about the drama that happened, analyzes the past, and seeks confirmation of his guilt. He is unable to focus on positive thoughts, since all his thoughts are focused on the negative aspects of life.

Symptom of neurosis - significant decrease in human performance. The person is unable to perform the usual amount of work. The subject's quality of labor indicators are deteriorating. He gets tired quickly from standard loads.

A common symptom of neurosis is deterioration of cognitive and mnestic functions. The person has problems concentrating. It is difficult for him to extract the required information from the depths of memory. He cannot answer the question quickly because his thinking is slow.

Frequently recorded symptoms of neurosis are: increased sensitivity to external stimuli. A person reacts intensely to loud sounds and notices barely audible noises. He does not tolerate bright lighting and experiences discomfort from sunlight. A symptom of neurosis is meteosensitivity: the subject painfully endures changes in weather conditions. Changing climatic zones for a person with neurosis provides a significant increase in painful symptoms.

Common symptoms of neurosis include: various sleep problems. It is very difficult for a person to fall asleep at the usual time due to significant overexcitation of the nervous system. Having fallen asleep, a person is forced to “watch” nightmare dreams. He often wakes up in the middle of the night in a cold sweat from frightening images he saw in his dreams. In the morning, the subject feels exhausted because his sleep does not provide a surge of energy. In the first half of the day a person feels exhausted and sleepy, but after lunch his condition improves.

Physical signs of neurosis

Physical symptoms of neurotic disorders include various types of autonomic disorders, neurological defects and somatic problems. The most common symptoms of neurosis are the following:

• chronic headache of a pressing or squeezing nature, which is called “neurasthenic helmet”;
• discomfort or pain in the heart area, perceived by a person as heart defects;
• pain in the epigastric zone, heaviness in the stomach;
• dizziness, difficulty maintaining balance, unsteadiness of gait;
• blood pressure surges;
• the appearance of “flying spots” before the eyes, deterioration of visual acuity;
• weakness and tremors in the limbs;
• feeling of a “lump” in the throat, difficulty taking a deep breath, feeling of lack of air;
• change in eating habits - compulsive overeating, refusal to eat, worsening appetite;
• various dyspeptic disorders;
• vegetative defects – excessive sweating;
• heart rhythm disturbance;
• frequent need to urinate;
• the appearance of problems in the intimate sphere - decreased libido, inability to have sexual intercourse, changes in the menstrual cycle in women.

Neurosis often causes impotence in men and makes it impossible for women to conceive and bear a child. Quite often, neurosis leads to a variety of somatic problems, including gastritis, pancreatitis, cholecystitis. The consequence of a person’s neurotic state is hypertension and cardiac problems. Therefore, timely treatment of neurotic disorders is a guarantee of good health and well-being of a person.

Types of neurotic disorders

Doctors distinguish several independent types of neuroses, which are characterized by the dominance of certain clinical signs. The most common types of neurotic disorders are:

• hysterical neurosis;
• anxiety disorder.

Neurasthenia

Neurasthenia also has another name: astheno-neurotic syndrome. Among ordinary people, this type of neurosis is often called chronic fatigue syndrome. Neurasthenia is characterized by the following symptoms:

• increased irritability;
• high excitability;
• rapid fatigue;
• loss of the ability to self-control and self-control;
• tearfulness and touchiness;
• absent-mindedness, inability to concentrate;
• decreased ability to endure prolonged mental stress;
• loss of usual physical endurance;
• severe sleep disturbances;
• loss of appetite;
• apathy and indifference to what is happening.

A patient with this type of neurosis develops heartburn and a feeling of heaviness in the epigastric region. The subject complains of an intense headache, a feeling of a sinking heart, and deterioration of intimate capabilities. With this type of neurotic disorder, depressive moods of the cyclothymic level predominate in a person.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Obsessive-compulsive neurosis is a borderline status, fraught with rapid transformation into a mental form - obsessive-compulsive disorder. Patients with this type of neurosis are vulnerable, suspicious, sensitive individuals. The main symptom of obsessive-compulsive neurosis is the presence of uncontrollable painful thoughts, obsessive thoughts, and meaningless images.

A common symptom of this type of neurosis is feeling of anxiety and anticipation of imminent troubles. Stereotypical thoughts, characteristic of this type of neurosis, constantly overcome a person and force him to resort to peculiar ritual actions. The person regularly makes decisions that are absurd, from an objective point of view, trying to protect himself from the future catastrophic events he has imagined.

Hysterical neurosis

Hysterical neurosis, also called hysteria, is a common pathology, more often recorded in women than in men. This type of neurotic disorder is manifested by feigned demonstrative behavior of a person in order to attract the attention of others. The person puts on theatrical performances: he sobs violently, screams loudly, convulses, so that they pay attention to him and satisfy his desires.

Hysteria is a kind of escape into illness, when a person can imitate the symptoms of various diseases and firmly believe in his incurable illness. It has been established that a hysteric can inspire himself with absolutely any disease and successfully imitate the symptoms characteristic of the disease.

The main symptom of hysterical neurosis is frequent seizures with tonic convulsions. During such a crisis, the patient's face takes on a reddish or pale tint. A person’s eyes are closed during an attack, but the pupils remain responsive to light. A hysterical attack is preceded or accompanied by wild laughter or inappropriate sobs.

Another important symptom of hysterical neurosis is the patient’s lack of sensitivity. If a hysteric has set a specific goal, then to achieve it he can literally walk on coals and not feel pain. Hysterical deafness or blindness, various speech disorders, for example: stuttering, may develop.

Treatment of this form of neurosis is a long and painstaking process that requires competent selection of medications. With inadequate treatment of hysterical neurosis, the patient may develop significant mental defects that completely change the characterological portrait of the individual.

Anxiety neurosis

This type of neurosis is a precursor to anxiety-phobic or generalized anxiety disorders. This disease is characterized by the presence of obsessive irrational fears and persistent anxiety in a person. At the same time, the fear of a patient with anxiety neurosis has no real basis. The subject worries excessively about his own future, anticipates failures and problems, and constantly feels nervous and uneasy.

With this type of neurosis, excessive motor tension is observed, manifested in the patient’s fussiness and chaotic actions. The person feels that his nerves are stretched like a string, and he cannot relax. Symptoms of autonomic activity are observed: dry mouth, irresistible thirst, increased heart rate, increased sweating.

Treatment of neurosis

How to get rid of neurotic disorders? Today, many methods for treating neuroses have been developed and are successfully used. However, general recommendations cannot be given, since the treatment regimen must be chosen solely on an individual basis after a thorough examination of the patient and determination of the correct diagnosis. The main task of the doctor is to determine the origin of neurosis by establishing the true cause of the disorder.

Drug treatment of neurotic disorders usually includes antidepressants, benzodiazepine tranquilizers, anxiolytics, herbal sedatives, B vitamins and minerals. In cases where neurosis is caused by some kind of disturbance in the blood supply to the brain, it is advisable to use nootropic drugs and drugs that improve the functioning of the nervous system.

It must be remembered that pharmacological treatment only helps to eliminate the symptoms of the disorder and improves the patient’s well-being. However, medications are unable to influence the cause of the disease, so it is impossible to completely get rid of neurosis with their help.

Currently, the main methods of treating all types of neuroses are psychotherapeutic techniques and hypnotherapy. To completely get rid of neurotic disorders, it is advisable to carry out treatment using psychodynamic, interpersonal, cognitive-behavioral and gestalt therapy. Psychoanalysis is often used in the treatment of neuroses. During psychotherapy sessions, a person gets the opportunity to build a complete picture of his personality, to establish cause-and-effect relationships that gave impetus to the emergence of neurotic reactions.

In the treatment of neurosis, an important place is given to the normalization of the work and rest regime and the construction of a correct nutrition schedule with a properly composed menu. Teaching the patient relaxation techniques and performing autogenic training is also of great importance in the treatment of neurotic disorders.

Neurosis, regardless of its type and severity of symptoms, can be completely cured. However, to achieve a stable and lasting result, a person needs to reconsider the existing way of thinking and “clean” his life program of destructive links that impede freedom from fears and anxieties.

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Today there is hardly a single person with an absolutely healthy psyche. Complexes, fears, phobias, increased anxiety, constant feelings of guilt - all this is cultivated by the demands of modern society, which from childhood includes people in the pursuit of success, recognition, and money. And on this soil neuroses grow successfully. What does even someone who considers himself generally “normal” need to know about them?

Neurosis - what is it?

Neurotic disorder, psychoneurosis, neurosis are equivalent names for the category of protracted psychogenic disorders associated with a temporary disruption in the functioning of the psyche. This term was first used in 1776 by the Scottish doctor W. Cullen. And although the concept is widespread in clinical practice, it is still not precisely defined what neurosis is: the meaning of this word has been revised many times, however, the final verdict has not been made.

The term is usually used to designate one of the functional disorders of higher nervous activity, which is accompanied by hysterical, asthenic or obsessive manifestations and a decrease in overall performance. According to various sources, about 1-3% of people suffer from neuroses. Moreover, neurotic disorders can be observed in both adults and children.

The development of a neurotic disorder is always associated with the negative influence of stress factors, including:

1. High expectations. A person who is constantly trying to “jump in over his head” will not be able to withstand such a rhythm for long. The feeling of an impossible plan can crush anyone.
2. Great physical or mental stress. Prolonged fatigue of any type leads to the formation of neurosis. If the body does not have time to recover from the load, it begins to react to what is happening in the ways available to it, primarily through psychosomatic symptoms.
3. Loneliness, unsettled personal life. The absence of someone close to you significantly increases the chances of developing a disorder. Prolonged stay in the company of oneself does not allow a person to fully realize social needs, which is why signs of neurosis begin to appear.
4. Inadequate self-esteem. Both having a high and low opinion of yourself is harmful to your mental health. In both cases, we are talking about an unrealistic perception of the world, and such distortions are favorable for the formation of all kinds of disorders.
5. Severe stressful situations. Post-stress disorder develops in those who have experienced a traumatic situation: a terrorist attack, an accident, combat operations, natural disasters, attacks, etc. Signs of neurosis almost always appear in men who took part in military operations (Afghan neurosis).
6. Childhood trauma. The child is vulnerable. Everything that happens to him before adolescence lays the foundation of his personality. Children whose parents were prone to violence, were addicted to alcohol or drugs, and used overly harsh parenting methods are more likely to become neurotic in the future.

Almost always, the causes of neurosis lie in the characteristics of a particular person. Some people perceive what is happening so painfully and sensitively that their psyche simply cannot cope with the load. By the way, the reaction to negative environmental factors is largely determined genetically. If the parents were suspicious, worried, and depressed, then the children will most likely inherit this pattern of behavior.

Due to increased emotionality, representatives of the fairer sex are more often susceptible to nervous disorders. Often the causes of neurosis in women are associated with entering the menopausal period, when hormonal changes exhaust the body, and the approach of old age forces one to begin to trim down the results of life, which are not always satisfactory.

OCD, neurasthenia and hysterical neurosis - what is it? The main types of neurotic disorder

A huge number of neuroses are conventionally divided into three key types. Among them:

Separately, depressive, phobic and hypochondriacal neuroses are distinguished. Although to one degree or another they may be included in the structure of OCD, neurasthenia or hysteria.

The psychosomatic (somatoform) state of neurosis is characterized by symptoms of a somatic disease (gastritis, angina, etc.) with ideal laboratory tests: that is, vegetative signs arise under the influence of active mental processes, but at the same time the body is physically healthy.

Neurosis: symptoms of a developing disorder

Neurosis does not arise out of the blue. It is formed over a period of time, during which a person goes through three main stages:

1. Neurotic reaction. Represents reversible and short-term actions, emotions, experiences. It is during this period that the first signs of neurosis appear: increased excitability, causeless crying, increased anxiety, fixation of attention on the negative, loss of vitality.
2. Neurotic state. During this time period, a disruption occurs in the system of interpersonal relationships. A person begins to look at others from the point of view of neurosis: with hysteria, he demands 100% attention from them, with OCD - respect for meaningless rituals and emerging phobias, with neurasthenia - adjustment to changeable moods. Symptoms of neurosis are becoming more and more obvious, but at the same time the patient’s condition is still reversible.
3. Neurotic personality development. In the absence of proper treatment, the disorder leads to personality mutation and the formation of new character traits. Paranoia, pedantry, increased punctuality, painfully high or low self-esteem, excessive emotionality may develop - depending on the type of neurosis.

“Young” neurosis, the signs of which are just beginning to “bloom,” is best treated. If the problem was not noticed in the first two stages, then further treatment may be ineffective, since the personality changes that have occurred are difficult to correct.

Acute neurosis: symptoms

Acute neurosis is a temporary state into which a person falls immediately after a traumatic situation (or against the background of severe fatigue/negative thoughts, etc.) Symptoms are usually expressed through:

• hysterical attack;
• nausea, vomiting;
• dizziness, fainting;
• abdominal pain;
• headaches;
• blurred vision;
• sweating;
• accelerated heartbeat;
• trembling of limbs.

The emerging signs of neurosis in adults resemble an attack. It is impossible not to notice it, since it knocks a person out of normal life for some time. The patient does not stay in this state for long, but it is not always possible to recover from it: at a minimum, a fear develops of a recurrence of the attack at an unfavorable moment - at school, at work, on the street, etc.

Chronic neurosis: symptoms

Chronic neurosis is a “dormant” disorder. As a rule, it is associated with a change in a person’s personality. This form of neurosis occurs when signs of pathology are completely ignored for a long time (usually lasts from six months to two years).

Standard symptoms of a chronic disorder:

• persistently increased level of anxiety;
• insomnia or persistent nightmares;
• excessively weak or too active appetite;
• inadequate self-esteem;
• mood swings;
• irritability;
• touchiness;
• increased fatigue.

Signs of a chronic disorder are often perceived only as personality traits. Symptoms of neurosis in women are especially often triggered in this way: others attribute any “problems” in behavior to PMS or simply bad character. This is where the serious difficulty of further therapy lies: it is difficult to separate a real person from the neurotic “patina” on him.

Neurosis: treatment

The method of treating a neurotic disorder is selected taking into account the characteristics of a particular case. Psychotherapeutic methods commonly practiced include:

• finding out the root cause of neurosis;
• breathing training;
• training in relaxation methods and methods of removing fixation on a traumatic event;
• changing negative attitudes to positive ones.

Sometimes hypnosis is used. If a specialist considers this necessary, he may recommend drug therapy using drugs that normalize brain processes of excitation and inhibition. For exacerbation of neurosis, Elenium, Relanium, Sibazon, Seduxen, Amizil are indicated.

At home, the patient is recommended to exercise, practice meditation and breathing exercises, and walk a lot. Signs of neurosis in women can be relieved well by keeping a diary: the stress splashed out on the pages ceases to have such a strong influence on the patient’s life. Drawing, listening to relaxing music or simply liking music helps a lot.

Neurotic disorders can “catch” anyone. Therefore, you should not be afraid of sudden symptoms of neurosis: in today's realities they are very common. You just need to contact a psychotherapist as soon as possible. The sooner help is provided, the higher the chances of complete restoration of the patient’s personality.

What are neurotic conditions? Neurotic conditions, neuroses, are peculiar disorders of the human psyche. Usually this is the body’s reaction to a negative, traumatic life situation: death of loved ones, divorce, loss of a job or fear of losing it, betrayal of a spouse, serious illness.

The gradual accumulation of unresolved problems, lack of help and support, can also cause long-term neurotic states. Psychiatry deals with neurotic disorders (also called functional disorders).

When neurosis occurs, disturbances occur mainly in the emotional sphere and the autonomic system of a person, while maintaining control over one’s behavior, without losing a sense of responsibility for one’s actions.

It should be noted that a neurotic state does not physically destroy the body. However, it can negatively influence the inner world, shackles a person’s soul with fear, which prevents him from living, working, and taking any action.

Fear is exhausting, even when you are afraid of something, there is no reason. But for a person suffering from neurosis, his own fears sometimes mean more than the events of the world around him. But it must be said that mental illnesses, for example, schizophrenia, somatic and neurological diseases, cannot be classified as neurotic disorders.

Unfortunately, recently the number of people suffering from neuroses has increased significantly. According to statistics, approximately ¼ of all residents of developed countries have experienced a short-term or long-term disorder at least once in their lives.

Symptoms of neurotic disorders

Problems in the emotional sphere are expressed in constant psychological and bodily tension. A person cannot relax; he is haunted by constant fears and concerns. Usually they relate to health or in constant anticipation of something bad, some event that must happen. Moreover, this fear is different from the usual fear that any person faces in life.

In this case, he does not leave the patient, paralyzes his will, does not give him the opportunity and strength to resist him. He is capable of turning even the most cheerful, active and strong people into dull, helpless creatures with a dull look.

The autonomic system, which is part of the nervous system, which is involved in the work of internal organs, blood vessels, and metabolic processes in the body, suffers from neuroses.

With neurosis, a malfunction of the autonomic system occurs. Most often it is expressed in the appearance of general weakness, sleep disturbance, and debilitating insomnia. Patients complain of sudden palpitations, a lump in the throat, shortness of breath when it is not possible to breathe in full force.

There is tremor of the fingers, spasms, tremors in the limbs, pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen. Possible nausea, vomiting, dizziness, itching, burning of the skin. Sometimes the temperature rises slightly, etc.

Moreover, the internal organs can be quite healthy. These negative manifestations are caused only by a malfunction of the autonomic system. If you take measures to treat neurosis, all symptoms disappear without a trace.

But people suffering from neuroses, feeling that something is wrong with them, begin to go to doctors, from one specialist to another. They undergo numerous examinations, take tests, spend their time and money. However, every time they hear from doctors that everything is fine with them. But not feeling healthy, they again look for the cause in physical ailments.

What do we have to do?

You need to understand that neurotic conditions are best treated with the help of a specialist. But since most patients are in no hurry to go to the doctor, and do not know what to do with their condition, try using these tips:

Never, under any circumstances, torment yourself with doubts and try not to think at all whether you did the right thing or not. You still can’t explain this to yourself.

Do not take typical medications on your own. Remember that you are not suffering from a physical illness. You can take infusions and decoctions of medicinal (soothing) herbs.

Stop blaming yourself for everything and everyone. Don't blame yourself for all your sins. It's not your fault, it's the circumstances.

Try not to pay attention to the bad thoughts that constantly visit you, they can lead you to unnecessary actions. Know that neurosis makes you dependent on your own thoughts. Knowing this, drive them away. Also mentally drive away those words of strangers that hurt you. Do not reflect on what was said, send these words mentally in the opposite direction.

Free your brains from everything that interferes with your normal life. Which have not be avoided. So why think about it and worry about it in advance. Remember Scarlett's words - “I'll think about it tomorrow”

And further: Very often, when there is severe mental anguish, fear, and negative thoughts, actions that do not make any sense help. If you have this condition, take a piece of paper, a pen, sit at a table and draw circles and eights until you get tired. See for yourself that it will become easier.

And finally one more advice: Don’t isolate yourself, communicate with other people, be kind to them. Get outside more often and just walk. Well, if these tips turn out to be ineffective, then the case is serious and cannot be avoided without the help of a doctor. Take care of yourself and be healthy!

The term neurosis, the state of neurosis, covers a number of very common mental disorders that are functional and have a direct tendency to be protracted. Neurosis is actually a slightly outdated diagnosis, which is currently used quite rarely in medicine. Diseases that were once included in the group of neuroses are now included in the group of neurotic disorders (Neuroses, depression, fears).

Disorders that are classified as neurosis, states of neurosis or neurotic disorders include three main groups of disorders - obsessive-compulsive neurosis, hysteria, neurasthenia.

Disorders that are considered neuroses or neurotic disorders include a wide range of emotional and physical symptoms or manifestations. Anxiety and fear are common symptoms of many diseases in this group.

Main symptoms of neurosis

The main symptoms of neurosis can be divided into mental and somatic.

Mental symptoms of neuroses:

• Emotional stress, which often manifests itself in the form of obsessive thoughts and obsessive actions that arise for no apparent reason.
• Complexity about one’s role in society, sharply low or high self-esteem.
• Sharp mood swings depending on trivial reasons, severe irritability in response to weak stimuli.
• Sharply increased sensitivity to fluctuations in ambient temperature, loud sound and bright light.
• Acute reaction and unpreparedness for stress. At the same time, neuroses are characterized by isolation and fixation in response to stressful situations, and not aggression or tearfulness.
• Tendency to constant worries and anxieties for any, no matter how insignificant, reason. At the same time, the particular importance of early treatment of neuroses in the event of the appearance of these symptoms was noted.
• Symptoms of fatigue and chronic fatigue. Characteristic in this case is only a slight decrease in fatigue even after prolonged sleep and rest. This is what may indicate problems in the neuropsychic or immune spheres of the human body.
• Inconsistency and uncertainty in the priorities of a person’s life, incorrect emphasis on priorities and preferences are also symptoms of neuroses.

Dmitry Roaldovich Sosnovsky

Psychiatrist-narcologist

Total medical experience is 33 years, of which 18 years in the field of psychotherapy and narcology. Author of many articles on psychotherapeutic topics

Somatic symptoms of neuroses:

• Discrepancy between fatigue and amount of work performed. Even small in magnitude and intensity physical and mental stress causes significant fatigue and a sharp decrease in performance.
• Development of vegetative-vascular dystonia, the appearance of frequent dizziness.
• One of the most common symptoms of neuroses is pain in the head, heart, and abdominal cavity for no apparent reason.
• A sharp increase in sweating.
• A noticeable decrease in potency and libido without organic symptoms of damage to the genitourinary system.
• Appetite disturbances in various forms - from a sharp decrease to a significant increase.
• Sleep disturbances in all known forms - from insomnia to rapid descent into deep sleep, nightmares.

Along with the description of the symptoms of neuroses that should alert the patient, it should be noted that a fairly large number of diseases may have symptoms similar to those described above.

It should be noted that treatment of neuroses should be carried out only by a qualified specialist in this field - a psychiatrist. Treatment should include a number of both medicinal and non-medicinal types of therapy, a full-fledged sanatorium-resort holiday during the rehabilitation period. Timely initiation of therapy will help not only achieve faster and more significant results, but also maintain normal relationships for the patient with relatives, colleagues and family.

Very important in the diagnosis and treatment of neuroses is the early establishment of a correct diagnosis and timely treatment. The specialists of the medical center “Clinic of Professor F. F. Preobrazhensky” have extensive experience in the treatment of neuroses and will help you promptly and, most importantly, correctly cure your illness.