Anatomy of the Muscles of the medial tract of the human back - information. Thigh muscles

1. M. pectineus, pectineus muscle, starting from the superior ramus and crest of the pubis and from the lig. pubicum superius, goes down and somewhat to the side and is attached to the linea pectinea of ​​the femur. With its lateral edge, the pectineus muscle comes into contact with m. iliopsoas.
Both of these muscles, converging with each other, form a triangular fossa, fossa iliopectinea, in which the femoral vessels are located immediately upon their exit from the pelvis. (Inn. L2-3, Nn. obturatorius et femoralis.)

2. M. adductor longus, long adductor muscle, originates on the anterior surface of the superior ramus of the pubis and attaches to the medial lip linea aspera femoris in its middle third. (Inn. L2-3, N. obturatorius.)

3. M. adductor brevis, short adductor muscle, lies under the previous muscles. It starts from the anterior surface of the pubic bone and is attached to the medial lip linea aspera femoris in the upper part. (Inn. L2-4, N. obturatorius.)

4. M. adductor magnus, adductor major muscle, the most powerful of all adductor muscles. It lies furthest posteriorly and is covered anteriorly in its proximal part mm. adductores brevis et longus.
Starting from the branches of the pubic and ischial bones and from the tuber ischiadicum, m. The adductor magnus is directed to the lateral side and is attached to the medial lip of the linea aspera femoris along its entire length to the medial condyle of the femur. The upper fibers of the muscle run from the pubis to the insertion site almost transversely and are described separately under the name of the adductor minor muscle, m. adductor minimus. (Inn. N. obturatorius and partly N. ischiadicus.)

5. M. gracilis, thin muscle, a long and narrow muscle band running superficially along the medial edge of the total mass of the adductor muscles. Its origin is located on the lower branch of the pubic bone near the pubic symphysis. Attached to the fascia of the leg at tuberositas tibiae. (Inn. L3-4, N. obturatorius.)

Function. All adductor muscles, according to their name, produce adduction of the thigh, turning it slightly outward. Those of them that cross the transverse axis of the hip joint in front (mm. pectineus, adductor longus et brevis) can also produce flexion in this joint, and m. The adductor magnus, located posterior to this axis, on the contrary, produces extension in it.
M. gracilis, as it spreads over two joints, in addition to adducting the hip, also flexes the tibia at the knee joint and rotates it medially.

The anterior rectus capitis muscle (m. rectus capitis anterior) (Fig. 98), with bilateral contraction, tilts the head forward, and with unilateral contraction, tilts the head in its direction. The muscle begins at the transverse process and lateral mass of the first cervical vertebra, and is attached to the lower surface of the basilar occipital bone.

The lateral rectus capitis muscle (m. rectus capitis lateralis) (Fig. 98) tilts the head forward with bilateral contraction, and in its direction with unilateral contraction. The origin of the muscle is located on the transverse process of the first cervical vertebra, and the attachment point is on the lateral occipital bone.

The long muscle of the head (m. longus cspitis) (Fig. 97, 98) tilts the head and cervical spine forward, and also participates in the rotation of the head. The muscle begins at the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the III–VI cervical vertebrae and is attached to the lower surface of the main part of the occipital bone.

The long neck muscle (m. longus coli) (Fig. 97, 98, 100), contracting, tilts the neck to its side and forward. The muscle includes two parts: upper (lateral) and lower (medial). The starting point of the upper part is located on the transverse processes of the IV–VI cervical vertebrae, and the attachment point is on the anterior tubercle of the I cervical vertebra. The starting point of the lower part is the bodies of the three upper thoracic vertebrae and the three lower cervical vertebrae, the attachment point is the bodies of the II–IV cervical vertebrae and the transverse processes of the V–VII cervical vertebrae.

Lateral muscles

The anterior scalene muscle (m. scalenus anterior) (Fig. 96, 98, 100, 105) with bilateral contraction tilts the cervical spine forward, and with unilateral contraction - in its direction. When the spine is in a fixed position, the muscle raises the first rib. The muscle begins from the anterior tubercles of the III–VI cervical vertebrae, and the site of its attachment is the tubercle of the anterior scalene muscle of the 1st rib.

The middle scalenus muscle (m. scalenus medius) (Fig. 96, 98, 100, 105) when contracted, tilts the neck forward, and when the neck is in a fixed position, it raises the first rib. The origin of the muscle is located on the anterior tubercle of the six lower cervical vertebrae, and the attachment point is on the upper surface of the first rib.

The posterior scalenus muscle (m. scalenus posterior) (Fig. 96, 98, 100) raises the second rib and, with the chest in a fixed position, bends the cervical spine forward. The muscle begins on the posterior tubercles of the IV–VI cervical vertebrae and attaches to the outer surface of the II rib.

Fascia of the neck

The fascia of the neck (fascia cervicalis) (Fig. 99) consists of three plates and has a complex structure due to the large number of muscles and organs. The space between the fascia of the neck and the organs of the neck is filled with fatty tissue and loose connective tissue.

The superficial plate (lamina superficialis) (Fig. 99, 100) is a continuation of the fascia of the chest and back. It forms a vagina for the submandibular gland and for the suprahyoid and sternocleidomastoid muscles of the neck. In the back of the neck, the fascia envelops the trapezius muscle, reaching the occipital protuberance and the superior nuchal line. The suprasternal interaponeurotic space (spatium interaponeuroticum suprasternale) is formed above the jugular notch of the manubrium of the sternum (Fig. 99, 100).

Rice. 99. Fascia of the neck (side view):

1 - chewing fascia; 2 - thyroid gland; 3 - fascia of the neck; 4 - sternocleidomastoid muscle; 5 - pretracheal plate; 6 - suprasternal interaponeurotic space; 7 - trapezius muscle; 8 - surface plate; 9 - subcutaneous muscle of the neck

Rice. 100. Muscles and fascia of the neck (cross section):

1 - suprasternal interaponeurotic space; 2 - previsceral space; 3 - sternohyoid muscle; 4 - surface plate; 5 - sternothyroid muscle; 6 - pretracheal plate; 7 - trachea; 8 - omohyoid muscle; 9 - subcutaneous muscle of the neck; 10 - esophagus; 11 - long muscle of the neck; 12 - sternocleidomastoid muscle; 13 - anterior scalene muscle; 14 - middle scalene muscle and posterior scalene muscle; 15 - semispinalis dorsi muscle; 16 - muscle that lifts the scapula; 17 - splenius muscle of the head and splenius muscle of the neck; 18 - trapezius muscle

The prevertebral plate (lamina prevertebralis) begins at the base of the skull, descends, covers the prevertebral muscles of the neck, and also passes to the scalene muscles. Between the prevertebral plate and the organs of the neck is the retrovisceral space (spatium retroviscerale).

The pretracheal plate (lamina pretrachealis) (Fig. 99, 100) begins in the region of the clavicle and the manubrium of the sternum and forms a sheath for the sublingual muscles. Between the pretracheal plate and the organs of the neck is the previsceral space (spatium previscerale) (Fig. 100).

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The muscles of this tract lie under the lateral one and consist of separate bundles that run obliquely from the transverse processes of the underlying vertebrae to the spinous processes of the overlying ones, which is why they receive the common name m. transversospinalis. The more superficial the muscles, the steeper and longer the course of their fibers and the more vertebrae they are thrown through. Accordingly, they distinguish: surface layer, m. semispinalis, semispinalis muscle, its bundles spread across 5-6 vertebrae; middle layer, mm. multifidi, multifidus muscles, their bundles spread across 3-4 vertebrae, and the deep layer, mm. rotatores, rotators, they pass through one vertebra or to the adjacent one.

The medial tract also includes muscle bundles located between the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae - mm. interspinals, interspinous muscles, which are expressed only in the most mobile parts of the spinal column - in the cervical and lumbar. In the most mobile place of the spinal column in its joint with the occipital bone, m. transversospinalis reaches special development; here it consists of 4 paired muscles - two oblique and two rectus, which are located under the m. semispinalis and m. longissimus. The oblique muscles are divided into superior and inferior. Upper m. obliquus capitis superior, goes from the transverse process of the atlas to the linea nuchae inferior. Lower, m. obliquus capitis inferior, goes from the spinous process of the second cervical vertebra to the transverse process of the first cervical vertebra.

The rectus muscles are divided into major and minor.

Bolshaya, m. rectus capitis posterior major, goes from the spinous process of the II cervical vertebra to the linea nuchae inferior. Malaya, m. rectus capitis posterior minor, goes to the same line from the tuberculum posterius of the I cervical vertebra. With unilateral contraction, they participate in corresponding turns of the head, and with bilateral contraction, they pull it back.

The function of the autochthonous back muscles in their entirety is that these muscles straighten the torso. When contracted on one side simultaneously with the flexors of the same side, these muscles tilt the spinal column and along with it the torso in their direction. Oblique bundles of autochthonous muscles, rotatores, multifidi, produce rotation of the spinal column. The upper sections of the muscles closest to the skull are involved in head movements. The deep dorsal muscles also take part in breathing movements. Lower part m. The iliocostalis lowers the ribs, while the upper part raises them. It should be noted that m. erector spinae contracts not only when the spinal column is extended, but also when the torso is flexed, ensuring smooth movement. Innervation - posterior branches of the spinal nerves, respectively nn. cervicales, thoracici et lumbales.

The medial pterygoid muscle is quadrangular in shape and is a very important component of the mandibular ligament. It is located on the inner surface of the lower jaw. The medial pterygoid muscle is also located in the same direction as the masseter muscle and is attached opposite this muscle. Sometimes individual bundles of the medial pterygoid muscle are connected to the muscle fibers of the masticatory muscle.

The medial pterygoid muscle is attached to the bone by two thick processes. The larger process is attached to the lateral pterygoid part of the sphenoid bone. Smaller in size - at the pyramidal process of the palatine bone and the tubercle of the upper jaw. The muscle is attached by two processes to the lower jaw.

Between these two processes of the medial pterygoid muscle are formed many important structures, including the maxillary, alveolar blood vessels and nerves. . At the upper border of the muscle, the tendon tympanic nerve connects with the lingual nerve.

The medial pterygoid muscle, as well as the lateral one, when contracted on both sides, pushes the lower jaw forward, simultaneously lifting it. When a muscle contracts on one side of the face, the lower jaw moves to the opposite side.

Rice. 2. Medial pterygoid muscle

Chewing muscle.

Unlike the entire group of masticatory muscles, the masticatory muscle is the most superficially located. Like a blanket, it covers the structure of the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles. The masticatory muscle is very strong because we have the opportunity to train it while chewing. The contours of the masticatory muscle are very clearly visible and it is very easy to palpate, especially when the muscle is in a contracted state. The masticatory muscle is attached to the zygomatic arch and has a complex structure. Its muscle fibers are divided into two parts - superficial and deep. This can be clearly seen in the figure:

Rice. 3. Chewing muscles

The superficial part begins from the anterior and middle sections of the zygomatic arch. The deep part begins a little further - from the middle and posterior sections of the zygomatic arch. The surface part runs at an angle back and down, and covers the deep part.

Both parts of the muscle are attached to the lateral side of the lower jaw, along its entire length, as well as to the jaw examination.

Temporalis muscle.

The temporal muscle originates on three bones at once - the frontal, parietal and temporal. The temporalis muscle occupies almost 1/3 of the entire surface of the skull and is very similar in shape to a fan: wide muscle fibers, moving downwards, pass into a powerful tendon, which is attached to the coronoid process of the lower jaw.

One of the amazing abilities of the temporalis muscle is that it can only contract a specific set of fibers at a time. That is, the anterior, medial or posterior parts of the temporalis muscle are able to make contractions without the participation of each other.

The temporalis muscle is involved in biting movements, pulls the extended jaw back, and also raises the lower jaw until the upper and lower jaws close.

The temporal muscle does not have a pronounced relief, but is directly involved in creating the image of “sunken temples”. When a person loses weight or exposes himself to severe stress, the temporalis muscle becomes flatter and thinner. Contrasting with it, the zygomatic arch and temporal line take on relief. It is then that the temporal fossa becomes more noticeable, and the face takes on an expression of exhaustion.

Rice. 4. Temporalis muscle

The temporal muscle has a very thin structure and is covered on top by the temporal fascia (a durable sheath). Therefore, with spasm or dysfunction of this muscle, it is very difficult to find (palpate) even minor changes occurring in it. However, spasm of this muscle can cause headaches and toothaches.

Fascia of the head.

The fascia of the head consists of four parts: the temporal fascia, the parotid fascia, the masticatory fascia, and the buccal pharyngeal fascia.

Temporal fascia(Latin - fascia temporalis) - a strong fibrous plate, consisting of a superficial plate (Latin - lamina superficialis) and a deep plate (Latin - lamina profunda). Designed to cover both sides of the temporal muscle with the entire number of sheets.

Parotid fascia(lat. - fascia parotidea), consisting of two leaves, designed to cover the parotid gland

Masseteric fascia(Latin - fascia masseterica) is necessary to cover the masticatory muscle.

Buccal fascia(lat. - fascia buccopharyngea) serves to cover the buccal muscle. The fascia passes to the lateral wall of the pharynx.

Facial muscles do not have fascia due to their direct location under the skin.

Rectus capitis anterior muscle (m. rectus capitis anterior)(Fig. 98) with a bilateral contraction, he tilts his head forward, with a unilateral contraction, he tilts his head to his side. The muscle begins at the transverse process and lateral mass of the first cervical vertebra, and is attached to the lower surface of the basilar occipital bone.

Lateral rectus capitis muscle (m. rectus capitis lateralis)(Fig. 98) with a bilateral contraction, he tilts his head forward, and with a unilateral contraction, he tilts his head to his side. The origin of the muscle is located on the transverse process of the first cervical vertebra, and the attachment point is on the lateral occipital bone.

Longus capitis muscle (m. longus cspitis)(Fig. 97, 98) tilts the head and cervical spine forward, and also participates in the rotation of the head. The muscle begins at the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the III-VI cervical vertebrae and is attached to the lower surface of the main part of the occipital bone.

Longus colli muscle (m. longus coli)(Fig. 97, 98, 100), contracting, tilts the neck to its side and forward. The muscle includes two parts: upper (lateral) and lower (medial). The starting point of the upper part is located on the transverse processes of the IV-VI cervical vertebrae, and the attachment point is on the anterior tubercle of the I cervical vertebra. The starting point of the lower part is the bodies of the three upper thoracic vertebrae and the three lower cervical vertebrae, the attachment point is the bodies of the II-IV cervical vertebrae and the transverse processes of the V-VII cervical vertebrae.

Rice. 100. Muscles and fascia of the neck (cross section):
1 - suprasternal interaponeurotic space; 2 - previsceral space;
3 - sternohyoid muscle; 4 - surface plate; 5 - sternothyroid muscle;
6 - pretracheal plate; 7 - trachea; 8 - omohyoid muscle; 9 - subcutaneous muscle of the neck;
10 - esophagus; 11 - long muscle of the neck; 12 - sternocleidomastoid muscle;
13 - anterior scalene muscle; 14 - middle scalene muscle and posterior scalene muscle;
15 - semispinalis dorsi muscle; 16 - muscle that lifts the scapula;
17 - splenius muscle of the head and splenius muscle of the neck; 18 - trapezius muscle

Muscles and fascia of the neck (cross-section): 1 - suprasternal interaponeurotic space; 2 - previsceral space; 3 - sternohyoid muscle; 4 - surface plate; 5 - sternothyroid muscle; 6 - pretracheal plate; 7 - trachea; 8 - omohyoid muscle; 9 - subcutaneous muscle of the neck; 10 - esophagus; 11 - long muscle of the neck; 12 - sternocleidomastoid muscle; 13 - anterior scalene muscle; 14 - middle scalene muscle and posterior scalene muscle; 15 - semispinalis dorsi muscle; 16 - muscle that lifts the scapula; 17 - splenius capitis muscle and splenius muscle of the neck; 18 - trapezius muscle" title ="Fig. 100. Muscles and fascia of the neck (cross-section): 1 - suprasternal interaponeurotic space; 2 - previsceral space; 3 - sternohyoid muscle; 4 - superficial plate; 5 - sternothyroid muscle; 6 - pretracheal plate; 7 - trachea; 8 - omohyoid muscle; 9 - subcutaneous muscle of the neck; 10 - esophagus; 11 - longus colli muscle; 12 - sternocleidomastoid muscle; 13 - anterior scalene muscle; 14 - middle scalene muscle and posterior scalene muscle; 15 - semispinalis dorsi muscle; 16 - levator scapulae muscle; 17 - splenius capitis muscle and splenius neck muscle; 18 - trapezius muscle"/>!}

Rice. 97. Middle and deep muscles of the neck (side view):
1 - mylohyoid muscle; 2 - stylohyoid muscle;
3 - digastric muscle: a) anterior abdomen, b) posterior abdomen;
4 - longissimus capitis muscle; 5 - thyroid-hyoid muscle;
6 - long muscle of the head; 7 - omohyoid muscle: a) upper abdomen, b) lower abdomen;
8 - sternohyoid muscle; 9 - sternothyroid muscle; 10 - muscle that lifts the scapula;
11 - long muscle of the neck; 12 - anterior scalene muscle; 13 - middle scalene muscle;
14 - posterior scalene muscle

Rice. 98. Deep muscles of the neck (front view):
1 - anterior rectus capitis muscle; 2 - lateral rectus capitis muscle;
3 - intertransverse muscles of the back; 4 - long muscle of the head; 5 - anterior scalene muscle;
6 - middle scalene muscle; 7 - longus colli muscle; 8 - posterior scalene muscle