Formaldehyde is removed from the body. Danger to humans from formaldehyde

Many chemicals are particularly toxic to humans. The effect of formaldehyde on the human body can become dangerous and cause intense intoxication of internal organs.

What is formaldehyde

Formaldehyde is a chemical compound that has a pungent odor, can dissolve in liquids and ignite. Formalin is a 40% aqueous solution of formaldehyde.

The chemical characteristics of the poison pose a threat to human health and life. If you drink formaldehyde in an amount of 35 to 90 mg, you can die.

The substance is produced industrially by the oxidation of methanol. Formalin belongs to the first class of danger, as it can affect the cellular level. The poison can penetrate into internal organs as a result of chemical interactions that have occurred, and can also be formed in living organisms from other substances. Methanol is found in many household chemicals.

A person is regularly exposed to negative fumes, but a single inhalation of formaldehyde, as a rule, does not provoke serious consequences.

The smell of formaldehyde is extremely pungent and unpleasant. However, detecting poison on your own is almost impossible: this requires special instruments and reagents.

The smell of formaldehyde can be described as specific. At the moment, pharmacy chains sell the antiseptic “Formidron”, which contains formaldehyde. Use the product carefully, avoiding inhalation of vapors.

The permissible dose of the substance is up to 0.2% in cosmetics and up to 0.1% in mouth rinses. In medicines its content should not exceed 0.5%. Products containing 5% of this compound can also be used, but are contraindicated for use on the face.

The maximum permissible concentration in cosmetics, in particular shampoos and bathing foams, is 0.1%, with only 1 person out of 75,000 experiencing a negative skin reaction.

As follows from the description, formaldehyde is one of the dangerous poisons that can disrupt the functioning of internal organs and cause human death.

Scope of application

The substance is used primarily in medicine and industry. This compound is included in nail polishes and hair care products. A small dose of it is included in some cosmetic preparations as a disinfectant and preservatives, and is included in creams, deodorants, shampoos, and mouth rinses.

Sources of poisoning by chemical compounds are divided into several hazard classes based on their properties. Formaldehyde is a strong toxin, has the ability to explode, and has a negative effect on humans upon internal penetration.

There are a large number of sources of intoxication. These include:

• gas stoves;
• vehicle exhaust gases;
• glue;
• medicines;
• household chemicals;
• cosmetics;
• carpets;
• smoke from tobacco and electronic cigarettes;
• fertilizers and others.

The maximum concentration is observed at high humidity and high temperatures.

The properties of formaldehyde are used to disinfect medical equipment and devices, to sterilize objects, treat diaper rash and skin lesions, and reduce sweating.

The use of formaldehyde is exclusively external: inhaling and drinking the solution is extremely dangerous for life.. It is used for local disinfection, as a deodorizing and astringent. In addition, a diluted solution is used for douching.

The substance is most often found in the chemical industry, in the production of paints, paper products, resins, textiles and plastics. The compound has also found its use in the wood processing industry, in the manufacture of floor coverings, in the processing of animal skins, as an antiseptic and antimicrobial agent, and in the production of yeast.

Impact on humans

The effect of the compound on the human body is extremely unfavorable: it can cause severe poisoning and is equivalent to arsenic intoxication. Under the influence of vapors, the brain, respiratory system, and mucous surfaces suffer. The harm of formaldehyde to humans is severe intoxication of internal organs. The most severe consequences include:

• swelling of the pulmonary system and larynx, causing difficulty breathing, respiratory failure, which often causes death;
• kidney inflammation;
• menstruation and endocrine disorders leading to the inability to conceive in women;
• difficulty urinating, leading to coma;
• death of the mucous membranes of the stomach and esophagus;
• internal hemorrhage.

Is formaldehyde harmful to humans? This question can definitely be answered positively.

With regular inhalation of vapors, a person may become more sensitive to the poison, which ultimately leads to more serious complications.

In addition, the poison negatively affects internal organs: liver, kidneys, respiratory and visual systems, and is also a powerful allergen. Formalin has a carcinogenic effect on the fetus, leading to cell mutation, destroying nerve tissue and optic canals. Having penetrated the bloodstream, it reacts with blood proteins and is synthesized into formic acid, which is difficult to remove from internal organs.

What is the effect of formaldehyde on children? Babies are the most sensitive to the world around them, which is why a carcinogen can have a significant impact on their body. With continuous interaction with dangerous objects, even a small concentration of it can provoke serious complications. The substance may be contained in children's toys, teethers, pacifiers, stickers, and plastic baby dolls.

Consequences of poisoning

A carcinogen can enter the human body in the following ways:

• by inhalation;
• orally;
• by direct interaction with the skin.

It is worth noting that the distribution of this compound throughout the body is uneven. It deposits most intensively in the following internal organs:

• pancreas;
• mucous surfaces of the intestinal system;
• lymph;
• salivary glands;
• bone marrow.

If accidentally or intentionally ingested, people may develop:

• severe renal failure;
• liver pathology, characterized by the destruction of its cells;
• bleeding of the mucous surfaces of the stomach;
• necrosis of the esophagus.

Formaldehyde can be a respiratory irritant and lead to these pathologies:

• bronchitis;
• pulmonary obstruction;
• exacerbation of bronchial asthma.

When interacting with the skin, the compound can provoke:

• dermatitis, which often becomes chronic;
• hives, rash;
• destruction of nails;
• redness and burning;
• weeping eczema.

The substance can destroy the immune system, provoke changes in blood composition, reduce the levels of lymphocytes and immunoglobulin A, so the dangers of formaldehyde should be known to anyone who wants to protect themselves from the effects of poison.

Symptoms of intoxication

Formaldehyde poisoning may have some characteristics, mainly from the brain and respiratory organs. These include:

• attack of suffocation;
• coughing;
• difficulty breathing;
• itching and burning of the mucous surfaces of the esophagus and larynx;
• diarrhea and vomiting with blood streaks;
• intense thirst;
• pale skin;
• mood swings;
• prostration;
• sleep disturbance;
• convulsive syndrome;
• coordination disorder;
• headache;
• weight loss.

In people who frequently come into contact with poison, signs may manifest themselves in the form of allergic reactions, hives, and brittle nails. In women there is a disruption in menstruation, in men there is a decrease in libido.

High concentrations can lead to toxic shock, coma, and death.

Who's at risk

The following categories of the population are most susceptible to the effects of the carcinogen:

• people involved in the chemical industry;
• living near chemical plants;
• workers in workshops for the production of furniture, paper, sewing accessories, food additives;
• medical laboratory technicians;
• morgue workers;
• people whose activities involve embalming corpses and funeral services.

In addition, a connection has been established between formaldehyde and cancer: it is considered a strong carcinogen.

Studies regarding formalin have found that workers involved in embalming corpses and making furniture are more prone to skin cancer, tumors of the respiratory system, tumors in the stomach, lungs, prostate, and intestines.

People engaged in potentially hazardous production for more than 10 years are at increased risk for the following malignant diseases:

• Hodgkin's lymphoma;
• myeloma;
• myeloid leukemia.

Determined that the substance acts directly on cells, which provokes gene mutation.

First aid and treatment

In case of food poisoning that contains formaldehyde, the victim must be taken to the hospital by calling medical professionals. If necessary, if the patient requires immediate assistance, emergency measures will help:

• remove remaining poison from the stomach by lavage or inducing artificial vomiting;
• the patient needs to take activated carbon at the rate of 1 tablet per 10 kg of weight, having previously dissolved it in water. The stomach should be emptied within 2 hours;
• in case of intoxication, it is necessary to provide the person with a flow of fresh air by opening windows and doors wide or take the victim outside;
• will help neutralize the effect of inhalation poison with water and ammonia, which can remove an excess of the compound;
• if the carcinogen penetrates the skin and mucous membranes, they should be washed abundantly with water and wiped with ammonia;
• in case of contact with the organs of vision, the eyes are instilled with drops of the following composition: 8 drops of adrenaline and 2 drops of novocaine, which can neutralize the poison;
• when swallowing the solution, chloride or ammonium carbonate will help, which prevent the compound from being absorbed into the circulatory system;
• if the patient has lost consciousness, he is placed on his left side to avoid penetration of vomit into the respiratory system and suffocation.

Treatment methods for formaldehyde intoxication depend on the characteristics of the clinical picture, the mechanism by which the poison enters the internal organs, as well as the symptoms that appear.

In some cases, medications are used that stabilize the functioning of the heart and blood vessels, sedatives, and respiratory analeptics.

In a hospital setting, the victim can undergo hemodialysis, in which blood is passed through membranes, which is an effective measure to eliminate toxins.

An isotonic solution or glucose is injected into the patient’s veins together with a diuretic. In addition, specialists need to monitor the functioning of the central nervous system and heart. To prevent liver disorders, vitamin complexes and hepatoprotectors are used.

Prevention

A person engaged in hazardous production should limit the time of interaction with toxic compounds, systematically undergo medical examinations, and include lactic acid products and milk in the diet.

With prolonged exposure to low concentrations of poison personal protective equipment is used: respirators, masks, special protective clothing, gloves.

In order to prevent liver damage, it is necessary to periodically take hepatoprotectors, for example, Karsil, Hepabene, and visit medical sanatoriums and resorts.

People who are not directly involved in hazardous production are also susceptible to the influence of poisons and experience deterioration in their health, often without realizing it.

For the purpose of prevention, as well as to remove carcinogens from your home, you should resort to the following methods:

• After purchasing new furniture, regularly ventilate the room;
• When cleaning, use rubber or latex gloves to reduce contact with detergents;
• maintain optimal humidity and temperature in the home.

Besides, Plants will help reduce and neutralize the impact of dangerous fumes: ficus, chamedorea, ivy, fern.

The poison is especially dangerous for young children and the elderly. However, it is impossible to completely limit yourself and loved ones from its effects, since the compound can be found in small quantities almost everywhere. You can reduce its negative impact by carefully studying the composition of the purchased goods and products. Many manufacturers use formaldehyde in the production of household items and food to extend shelf life and give the purchase a marketable appearance.

Formaldehyde - what is it? Everyone must have heard this word at least once in their life, but not everyone knows what it means. What associations arise when you mention this substance? Find it difficult to answer? Meanwhile, formaldehyde surrounds us everywhere.

What is formaldehyde?

First of all, formaldehyde is a gas. It is formed naturally not only in the environment, but also in our body. In addition, it is obtained through production. Few people know, but we come into contact with this substance all the time. It enters our body when we inhale. In addition, people daily use products containing formaldehyde in small quantities (for example, bubble bath and shampoo).

Obtaining formaldehyde

The main method for producing industrial formaldehyde is the oxidation process of methanol. It is carried out using a silver catalyst. This process takes place at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 650 degrees. Methanol oxidation is well established, and approximately 80 percent of formaldehyde is produced by this method. But recently there has been active development of a new promising method that uses an iron-molybdenum catalyst. The reaction takes place at a temperature of 300 degrees. Moreover, in both methods the degree of conversion has a very high percentage (almost 99%).

Formaldehyde can also be produced through the dehydrogenation of methanol. It is carried out with the participation of zinc and copper catalysts. The required temperature is 600 degrees. Although this method has not yet found widespread use. However, it is considered very promising. It allows you to obtain formaldehyde without water content.

Application of formaldehyde

When receiving this substance, there is only one side effect - formaldehyde. This releases toxic substances. Unfortunately, this process actively occurs at room temperature.

Despite this, formaldehyde has found wide use in many areas of industrial production. An aqueous solution - methanediol - causes denaturation of proteins. This feature of formaldehyde allows the substance to be used in leather production. It also has excellent tanning properties, which is very useful in medicine. Formaldehyde is recognized as a strong antiseptic, as well as an excellent preservative for biological materials. But that's not all. The substance in question is used in furniture and, in particular, it is necessary for the manufacture of plywood. Finally, formaldehyde is used in the production of film.

Cosmetology

Sometimes shampoos and some bath products contain a substance that is dangerous to humans, such as formaldehyde. There is no doubt that this is dangerous. After all, it is a very strong and very effective preservative. But it is never found in its pure form in shampoos. Especially in baby care products. Formaldehyde enters their composition as a result of the breakdown of other chemical substances - releasers.

Many bath foams last a long time thanks to these components. Releasers release small amounts of formaldehyde slowly. This helps prevent fungi and bacteria from growing in shampoos.

Why is formaldehyde dangerous?

Based on the above information, it becomes unclear what formaldehyde is. What is it - a dangerous poison or a harmless component of soap and detergents? Of course, in large doses it poses a threat to human health. But formaldehyde can enter our body not only through contact with cosmetics. The fact is that it penetrates the lungs and blood through the air. Here are just a few sources of the toxin:

• tobacco smoke;
• traffic fumes;
• open flame;
• gas stoves;
• glue;
• disinfectants;
• nail polish;
• new carpets and rugs;
• carpet cleaning shampoos;
• new pressed wood furniture.

What happens when you inhale formaldehyde? In humans, this causes irritation of the nasopharynx and eyes. The lungs are affected. Many scientists seriously believe that a number of cases of asthma in children are associated with this gas. There are concerns that prolonged contact with formaldehyde in high concentrations may lead to the formation of cancerous tumors. Studies have shown that this substance is a fairly strong carcinogen, and experiments on laboratory animals confirmed this assumption. However, it has not been proven that upon contact with the skin, formaldehyde contributes to the development of a malignant tumor.

What is known about formaldehyde?

So, one of the dangerous carcinogens that surround us every day is formaldehyde. What this is for a person has already been proven. But what else do we know about it, except that the gas enters the lungs when inhaled and is not capable of affecting the skin? Penetrating into the body, formaldehyde very quickly disintegrates and is excreted in the urine and when exhaled (with carbon dioxide).

People who constantly live in large industrial cities, in large areas built up with high-rise buildings, are exposed to formaldehyde in higher concentrations than those who live in villages and towns. The likelihood of exposure to this harmful substance is greater indoors than outdoors.

What is not known about formaldehyde?

In fact, despite the fact that formaldehyde is quite well studied, controversial questions still remain about the effects of this gas on the body. For example, it is not known for certain whether adults are less sensitive to this substance than children. Scientists and doctors have differing opinions on this issue. But if we consider that when a child inhales, the volume of air per kilogram of weight is greater than that of adults, then the assumption about their higher sensitivity to formaldehyde is quite justified.

Threat to human health

The effect of formaldehyde on humans is very harmful and dangerous. This gas has pronounced mutagenic properties. It also acts as an irritant and a serious allergen. Prolonged human contact with the environment in which this gas is dispersed can provoke the development of cancer. The most commonly diagnosed cancer is the respiratory tract. It is possible that other severe forms, including leukemia, may also develop.

Symptoms of formaldehyde poisoning of the body are as follows: migraine, difficulty breathing, depressed psychological state. If the gas concentration reaches a critical level for human health, it can cause paralysis of the respiratory tract, which leads to death. The presence of formaldehyde in the environment can also be indicated by conjunctivitis and pulmonary edema.

What other pathologies can formaldehyde cause? Its decomposition reactions in the body cause significant harm to health. Penetrating into the digestive system, the gas can cause a chemical burn, cause numerous swelling and even respiratory arrest. Like a solution of formaldehyde, formalin can also harm our body. People who, due to their professional duties, are sometimes forced to deal with this substance, experience all the manifestations of poisoning: symptoms of asthma, severe headaches, conjunctivitis, damage to the nervous system.

How is formaldehyde content in products regulated?

Many countries provide state control over the content of formaldehyde, such as For example, in the UK, the permissible concentration of this gas in air and water is regulated by law. Exceeding it is unacceptable; it always entails responsibility. Such a serious attitude towards this dangerous toxin is observed in almost all developed countries. There are also certain restrictions in workplaces where formaldehyde is produced or used. The European Union stipulates the use of this substance in cosmetic products, including shampoos, bath bubbles, and nail polish. Formaldehyde releasers must be present in minimal concentrations in these products. If their content exceeds the established standards, this must be indicated on the label. And in some countries, formalin is generally banned. Thus, in Japan and Sweden, any content of this substance in cosmetic products is unacceptable.

How to be and what to do?

Should we be afraid of such a substance as formaldehyde? The health formula, of course, does not include exposure to this gas. Meanwhile, it is impossible to completely avoid contact with the mentioned irritant. Formaldehyde is included in some bath products; it is even present in some. However, manufacturers claim that it is unlikely that the baby will be irritated by such an insignificant concentration. So such contact is quite safe. But if a child has an individual intolerance, then irritation may appear even with such tiny amounts. Therefore, parents need to pay attention to the label before purchasing cosmetics for their baby.

How to minimize the harmful effect?

Phenol formaldehyde is a highly toxic substance. It is quite difficult to reduce its effect. Once the gas enters the body, it changes greatly. When broken down, it transforms into or Of course, the best protection against this carcinogen is to avoid places and areas where it can be found in high concentrations. These are, first of all, traffic jams, industrial areas, furniture factories. It is also recommended not to linger in rooms that are not ventilated. In addition, you should know that many indoor plants are able to absorb formaldehyde from the air (for example, chlorophytum, ivy, ficus).

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FEDERAL STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"IVANOVSK STATE UNIVERSITY"
SHUISKY BRANCH OF IVSU

DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY

ABSTRACT ON INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY

INFLUENCE OF FORMALDEHYDE ON THE HUMAN BODY AS A RESULT OF WOOD PROCESSING ACTIVITIES

I've done the work:

Litvinenko Ivan Sergeevich, 4th year student

1 day care group

Faculty of Natural Geography

Specialty-022000.62 Ecology and environmental management

Scientific adviser:

Candidate of Biological Sciences, Senior Lecturer

Turkina Elena Petrovna

Shuya 2015

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..3

1. General characteristics of formaldehyde……………………………………6

1.1. Physical properties…………………………………………………………….6

1.2. Chemical properties……………………………………………………………7

1.3. Receipt……………………………………………………………7

1.4. Application…………………………………………………………….8

2. Formaldehyde in woodworking industry……………….10

3. Effect of formaldehyde on human health………………………….12

3.1. Safety and toxic properties……………………………..12

3.2. Impact on the body and symptoms of chronic poisoning…………………………………………………………………………………12

3.3. Carcinogenicity……………………………………………………..13

3.4. Nature of health problems……………………………………14

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………15

List of references………………………………………………………16

INTRODUCTION

The atmosphere of any industrial city is characterized by the content of harmful substances. But many people often do not even suspect that when they are in offices or at home, the air in them can also contain toxic components. Let’s talk in more detail about one of these substances – formaldehyde, which can have a negative effect on the human body. Formaldehyde is a colorless gas with a pungent, choking odor, and is one of a large number of chemical compounds called volatile organic compounds, or “VOCs.” This term means that volatile compounds evaporate, that is, become gases, at normal room temperature. Small amounts of formaldehyde are produced naturally by plants, animals and people. Like all VOCs, pure formaldehyde can exist in one of three states - solid, liquid or gas. However, in these states, formaldehyde can be present in the form of a number of modifications that differ in chemical and physical properties. The main source of formaldehyde formation in cities is road transport, as a result of the operation of whose engines formaldehyde is released in the exhaust together with other unburned hydrocarbons. In addition to motor vehicles, sources of formaldehyde include wood processing plants, automobile factories, chemical and leather industries. Its negative impact is due to its high reactivity. The most significant sources of formaldehyde in everyday life can be: compressed wood products (plywood, chipboard, fiberboard, MDF) using glue containing urea-formaldehyde resins (UF), as well as furniture made from these products. Durable fabric curtains, as well as other textiles and some adhesives, also contain formaldehyde. In addition, formaldehyde is released during the combustion of gas stoves without the use of ventilation, as well as when smoking tobacco. Formaldehyde is part of insulating foams used to reduce sound transmission; it is contained in seals and insulation for windows and doors. In cosmetics, paints, coatings and some moisture-resistant paper products, the amount of formaldehyde is small, however, people sensitive to formaldehyde may experience an allergic reaction. Products such as carpets or drywall, when new, do not contain significant amounts of formaldehyde. But they can also accumulate formaldehyde released from other sources and then release it into indoor air when temperature and humidity change. The rate at which materials from compressed wood or other sources release formaldehyde may vary. Formaldehyde emissions generally decrease as materials age. When materials are new, high indoor temperatures can cause increased formaldehyde release. But the opposite is also true - this substance is released in smaller quantities at lower temperatures. Humidity also affects its release - as humidity increases, more formaldehyde is released. Therefore, excessive humidification of indoor air can lead to an increase in the level of formaldehyde released. Formaldehyde is an irritant and tear-producing agent, but people's reactions to it in the air vary. In indoor air, the maximum permissible concentration of formaldehyde is 0.1 mg per 1 m3 of air. This concentration can be exceeded even with normal smoking. Outdoor air in rural areas has lower concentrations, while in cities, formaldehyde concentrations are significantly higher. In offices where there is a large amount of furniture with a high content of formaldehyde, its concentration may exceed the maximum permissible. As the acceptable concentration of formaldehyde increases, the risk of discomfort and illness increases and becomes more severe. The main route of exposure to formaldehyde is through inhalation of contaminated air, such as inhalation of contaminated air in the workplace or in a traffic jam. The highest potential exposure occurs in industries using or producing formaldehyde.

1 . GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FORMALDEHYDE

Formaldehyde (from the Latin formīca “ant”) is a colorless gas with a pungent odor, highly soluble in water, alcohols and polar solvents. Irritant, toxic.

Formaldehyde is the first member of the homologous series of aliphatic aldehydes, formic acid aldehyde.

1.1. Physical properties

Standard enthalpy of formation ΔH (298 K, kJ/mol): -115.9 (g). Standard Gibbs energy of formation ΔG (298 K, kJ/mol): -110 (g). Standard entropy of formation S (298 K, J/mol K): 218.66 (g). Standard molar heat capacity C p (298 K, J/mol K): 35.35 (g). Enthalpy of boiling ΔH boil (kJ/mol): 23.3.

Heat of combustion Q p (kJ/mol): 561.1.

Egrive method. With chromotropic acid in the presence of sulfuric acid it gives a violet color.

Denizhe method. Formaldehyde displaces bisulfite from the fuchsine bisulfite compound, resulting in a blue-violet color of the dye. Sensitivity for photocolorimetry is 0.01 mg of formaldehyde in 25 ml of solution.

For quantitative determination, reactions are used with hydroxylamine hydrochloride with titration of the released acid, with sodium hydrosulfite with iodimetric titration of excess hydrosulfite, with hydrogen peroxide and alkali with titration of excess alkali.

1.2. Chemical properties

Formaldehyde is characterized by oxidation and addition reactions (including polycondensation):

1) oxidation reaction:

a) the oxidation reaction proceeds very easily - aldehydes are capable of removing oxygen from many compounds;

b) when formaldehyde is heated with an ammonia solution of silver oxide (silver oxide is insoluble in water), formaldehyde is oxidized into formic acid HCOOH and silver is reduced. Education "silver mirror" serves as a qualitative reaction to the aldehyde group;

d) aldehydes reduce copper (II) hydroxide to copper (I) hydroxide, which turns into orange copper (I) oxide;

e) the reaction occurs when heated: 2CuOH -> Cu 2 O + H 2 O;

f) this reaction can also be used for the detection of aldehydes;

2) addition reaction:

a) the addition reaction occurs due to the cleavage of the double bond of the carbonyl group of the aldehyde;

b) the addition of hydrogen, which occurs when a mixture of formaldehyde and hydrogen is passed over a heated catalyst - nickel powder, leads to the reduction of aldehyde into alcohol;

c) formaldehyde also adds ammonia, sodium hydrosulfite and other compounds.

1.3. Receipt

In industry, formaldehyde is obtained from methanol by passing alcohol vapor along with air over a copper catalyst heated to 300 °C: 2CH 3 OH + O 2 -> 2HCHO + 2H 2 O. An important industrial method is also the oxidation of methane with air at 400–600 °C in the presence of a small amount of nitric oxide as a catalyst: CH 4 + O 2 -> CH 2 O + H 2 O.

Features of acetaldehyde: acetaldehyde (or acetaldehyde, or ethanal) is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor, highly soluble in water; The addition of hydrogen to acetaldehyde occurs under the same conditions as to formaldehyde.

Features of paraldehyde: this is a liquid that solidifies into a crystalline mass at 12 °C, and when heated in the presence of dilute mineral acids turns into acetaldehyde; has a strong hypnotic effect.

1.4. Application

An aqueous solution of formaldehyde (methanediol) stabilized with methanol - formalin - causes denaturation of proteins, so it is used as a tanning agent in the leather industry and tanning gelatin in the production of film. Due to its strong tanning effect, formaldehyde is also a strong antiseptic; this property of formaldehyde is used in medicine, as an antiseptic (Formidron, Formagel and similar drugs) and for the preservation of biological materials (the creation of anatomical and other preparations).

An aqueous solution of formaldehyde (methanediol) stabilized with urea - KFK - is one of the most important sources of formaldehyde and urea in the production of urea-formaldehyde, melamine-urea-formaldehyde resins and for the treatment of urea against caking; used in the woodworking and furniture industries for the production of plywood, chipboard, etc.

The main part of formaldehyde is used in the production of thermoset polymers (phenol-formaldehyde, urea-formaldehyde and melamine-formaldehyde resins); it is also widely used in industrial organic synthesis (pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane, etc.).

During storage (at temperatures below 9 C o), the formaldehyde solution becomes cloudy and a white precipitate (paraformaldehyde) precipitates.

2. FORMALDEHYDE IN WOOD PROCESSING

The wood processing industry includes enterprises producing plywood, particle boards, furniture and carpentry.
The main industrial hazards in the production of plywood are high temperature and air humidity in steaming chambers, dryers and presses, the release of formaldehyde vapors into the air from dryers for drying the adhesive layer and from presses (when using urea-formaldehyde adhesives). In the production of particle boards, the main hazards are noise during wood crushing, the release of formaldehyde vapor during hot pressing, and wood dust impregnated with resin glue from molding units.
Occupational hazards in furniture production include unfavorable microclimatic conditions in drying departments, the release of formaldehyde vapors into the air during gluing and veneering, as well as varnish aerosols and solvent vapors during finishing.

Formaldehyde in furniture eventually penetrates into the air in quantities that can begin to threaten human health. Thus, finishing materials made of MDF and various paints and varnishes are perhaps the main sources of toxins in the homes of ordinary people. Formaldehyde contained in furniture is continuously released into the environment, but the extent of this process may vary due to temperature conditions in the room. Formaldehyde in furniture made from chipboard can cause poor health. With an increase in ambient temperature for every 5°C from 18°C, the amount of toxic carcinogen released into the air increases by 1.5 times. Humidity affects this indicator to a lesser extent.

Laminate is the common name for flooring made from high-density fiberboard. The word "laminated" in Latin means layered. The top layer is a protective and decorative wear-resistant film. Laminate is produced from waste from the wood processing industry using the “dry method”, that is, from crushed wood, and wood itself is an environmentally friendly material. The surface of the panel is covered with melamine and, less commonly, acrylic resins, that is, the “laminate” itself. Melamine is a colorless substance from which melamine resins are made. Melamine itself is inert and has no viscosity. Melamine resins are produced by mixing melamine with a formaldehyde component. When covering the panel with melamine resins, there is a very strong release of formaldehyde fumes. Formaldehyde is a poison that is an extremely dangerous substance. The damage to the laminate is caused precisely by these resins. Especially laminate, which is used for furniture production. Melamine in laminate is a danger to human health. Melamine is a chemical substance that looks like colorless crystals. In recent years, industrial consumption of melamine has increased several times, as it began to be actively used in the production of laminate. With prolonged contact with elevated temperatures, it begins to release formaldehyde. Formaldehyde has carcinogenic, mutagenic and allergenic properties. It is highly toxic and dangerous to human health. Conscientious laminate manufacturers very strictly monitor the level of formaldehyde emissions in their products. Unscrupulous people, in pursuit of the “mega-quality” of their laminate, increase the amount of melamine: their laminate becomes more “reliable”.

3. INFLUENCE OF FORMALDEHYDE ON HUMAN HEALTH

3.1. Safety and toxic properties

Concentration limits of ignition 7-73% vol.; auto-ignition temperature - 435 °C.

Formaldehyde is formed in the body by the oxidation of methanol.

It is toxic and negatively affects genetic material, reproductive organs, respiratory tract, eyes, and skin. Has a strong effect on the central nervous system.

Maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of formaldehyde:

MPCr.z. = 0.5 mg/m³

MPCm.r. = 0.05 mg/m³

MPCs.s. = 0.01 mg/m³

MPCv. = 0.05 mg/l

On May 25, 2014, the Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation came into force, according to which the following MPCm.r values ​​were established. = 0.05 mg/m³, MPCs.s. = 0.01 mg/m³

The lethal dose of a 40% aqueous solution of formaldehyde is 10-50 g.

3.2. Impact on the body and symptoms of chronic poisoning

Formaldehyde is toxic: ingestion of 60-90 ml is fatal. Symptoms of poisoning: pallor, loss of strength, unconsciousness, depression, difficulty breathing, headache, and often cramps at night.

In case of acute inhalation poisoning: conjunctivitis, acute bronchitis, up to pulmonary edema. Signs of damage to the central nervous system gradually increase (dizziness, fear, unsteady gait, convulsions). In case of poisoning through the mouth: burn of the mucous membranes of the digestive tract (burning, pain in the throat, along the esophagus, in the stomach, vomiting of blood, diarrhea), hemorrhagic nephritis, anuria. Possible swelling of the larynx and reflex cessation of breathing.

Chronic poisoning in workers with technical formaldehyde is manifested by weight loss, dyspeptic symptoms, damage to the central nervous system (mental agitation, tremors, ataxia, visual disturbances, persistent headaches, poor sleep). Organic diseases of the nervous system (thalamic syndrome), sweating disorders, and temperature asymmetry are described. Cases of bronchial asthma have been reported.

Under conditions of exposure to formaldehyde vapors (for example, among workers engaged in the production of artificial resins), as well as in direct contact with formaldehyde or its solutions, severe dermatitis of the face, forearms and hands, nail damage (their fragility, softening). Dermatitis and eczema of an allergic nature are possible. After poisoning, sensitivity to formaldehyde increases. There is information about adverse effects on specific functions of the female body.

3.3. Carcinogenicity

Formaldehyde is included in the list of carcinogenic substances GN 1.1.725-98 in the section “probably carcinogenic to humans”, while its carcinogenicity to animals has been proven.

According to official data from the International Agency for Research on Cancer, formaldehyde, used in the production of resins, plastics, paints, textiles, as a disinfectant and preservative, has been proven to be associated with an increased risk of developing nasopharyngeal cancer.

3.4. Nature of health problems

Formaldehyde is a potent irritant to the eyes, upper respiratory tract and skin. It also affects the central nervous system, causing headaches, fatigue and depression, according to several studies. It also has the potential to cause asthma and asthmatic attacks as a nonspecific irritant. In addition, animal studies suggest that formaldehyde is a potentially carcinogenic substance.

Recent medical examinations of people with occupational risks suggest that formaldehyde causes cancer in humans. Studies of residents of mobile homes exposed to formaldehyde concentrations exceeding 0.10 ppm for over 10 years indicate a significantly increased risk of throat cancer. This risk is approximately 2 in 10,000.

Although cancer concerns have received the bulk of public and regulatory attention, consumer complaint investigations and medical research indicate that the acute irritant symptoms associated with the presence of formaldehyde in residential air are a very significant public health concern.

CONCLUSION

Phenol formaldehyde is a very toxic substance. It is quite difficult to reduce its effect. Once the gas enters the body, it changes greatly. Upon decomposition, it is transformed into formic acid, or methyl alcohol. Of course, the best defense against this carcinogen is to avoid places and areas where it can be found in high concentrations. These are, first of all, traffic jams, industrial areas, furniture factories. It is also recommended not to linger in rooms that are not ventilated. One of the best helpers in reducing the impact of formaldehyde in office spaces and at home can be indoor plants. A number of them have the excellent property of absorbing formaldehyde from the air. These are ferns, chamedorea, bush chrysanthemum, dracaena, ivy, ficus benjamina. And if it can be difficult to avoid polluted areas outside, then at home it is quite possible to create a favorable atmosphere, both without formaldehyde and without other toxic substances.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. “List of substances, products, production processes, household and natural factors that are carcinogenic to humans,” Appendix 2 to GN standards 1.1.725-98 dated December 23, 1998 N 32.

2. Large encyclopedic polytechnic dictionary. - 2004.

3. Hygienic standards GN 2.1.5.1315-03. “Maximum permissible concentrations (MAC) of chemical substances in water of water bodies for domestic, drinking and cultural water use.”

4. Hygienic standards GN 2.1.6.1338-03. “Maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of pollutants in the atmospheric air of populated areas.”

5. Hygienic standards GN 2.2.5.1313-03. "Maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of harmful substances in the air of the working area."

6. GOST 4598-86 Wood fiber boards. Technical conditions.

7. Karaev, M. M. Technology of synthetic methanol. - Moscow: Chemistry, – 1984. - 239 p.

8. Korolchenko, A. Ya., Korolchenko D. A. Fire and explosion hazard of substances and materials and means of extinguishing them. Directory: in 2 parts - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Ass. "Pozhnauka", 2004. - Part I. - 713 p. - ISBN 5-901283-02-3, UDC (658.345.44+658.345.43)66.

9. Kramarenko, V. F. Toxicological chemistry. - K.: Higher. school, 1989. - 447 p. - 6,000 copies. - ISBN 5-11-000148-0.

10. Ogorodnikov S.K. "Formaldehyde" L.: Chemistry - 1984.

11. Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated April 7, 2014 N 27, Moscow “On introducing amendment N 10 to GN 2.1.6.1338-03 “Maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of pollutants in the atmospheric air of populated areas.”

12. Tyukavkina N.A., Baukov Yu.I. "Bioorganic chemistry" M.: Medicine, – 1985 – p. 190.

13. Phenolic resins // Russian encyclopedic dictionary / chapter. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - M.: “Big Russian Encyclopedia”, 2000. - Book 2. - P. 1663.

14. Cherenkov, V. G. Clinical oncology. 3rd ed. - M.: Medical book, 2010. - 434 p. - ISBN 978-5-91894-002-0.

Formaldehyde is one of the most common toxic substances in the air of our apartments, offices, and houses. Its use is no longer limited to medical institutions (as a preservative in laboratories, morgues, etc.). Now this toxic compound is actively used in personal care products, furniture and building materials, but formaldehyde is included in the list of possibly carcinogenic substances that lead to cancer.

We spend most of our time indoors, so it's important to know how to reduce or eliminate your exposure to dangerous substances like formaldehyde.

What is formaldehyde and why should you be wary of it?

Formaldehyde is a toxic gas that is currently used in the production of various products. Negatively affects the respiratory tract, skin, eyes, and central nervous system. With prolonged exposure, formaldehyde has an allergenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effect. With constant exposure to high concentrations of this substance, organ mutations can occur. Formaldehyde accumulates in the body and is difficult to eliminate. Scientific studies have proven that formaldehyde causes cancer in animals and can cause cancer in humans.

Where formaldehyde may be found:

products made of pressed wood (chipboard, fiberboard, etc.) used in construction and furniture manufacturing;

hair care products;

grocery plastic bags;

cosmetics containing formaldehyde as a preservative;
deodorants;

nail polishes;
paints;
wrinkle-resistant fabrics;
insulating foam;
in rooms where gas stoves without exhaust hoods and kerosene heaters are used;
cigarette smoke;
air fresheners, furniture polishes, stain removers and other household chemicals;
glue and much more.

How to reduce/eliminate exposure to formaldehyde:
- carefully approach the choice of furniture.
When choosing pressed wood furniture/materials, choose the safest ones, such as those made with phenolic resins instead of formaldehyde.
The safest thing is to buy solid wood furniture. Often, such furniture is expensive, but there are options for saving: buying used quality furniture, making furniture with your own hands from good materials that are often on hand.
- ventilate the premises regularly.
- Maintain cool indoor temperatures. The higher the temperature and humidity indoors, the more harmful formaldehyde is released from the things around us.
- minimize the use of aggressive household chemicals (if you have them in the house, store them in well-ventilated rooms isolated from the main living space), use natural products for cleaning, washing, washing (read the section of our blog about).
- . They can effectively purify toxic indoor air. The most effective plants against formaldehyde fumes are fern, chrysanthemum, chlorophytum, tulip, philodendron, palm trees, ivy.
- Buy an air purifier that can eliminate formaldehyde.

Also recommended:
wash new items, fabrics, curtains before use;
avoid purchasing wrinkle-resistant fabrics;
use the most natural cosmetics possible;
establish good ventilation indoors, especially when using gas stoves and heaters.

Humanity has learned to use even the most dangerous chemicals for its benefit, which, if used uncontrolled, can harm the body and lead to death.

One of these compounds is Formaldehyde, used in industry, cosmetology and pharmacology. If handled incorrectly, the chemical has a negative effect on the human body and can cause severe harm to health.

Formaldehyde is a toxic gas with a pungent odor. The advantage of the chemical is its ability to interact with a wide range of other substances: alcohol solutions, water and other types of solvents.

Due to its properties, formaldehyde is used in many areas:

Formaldehyde is added to cleaning products as a disinfectant and preservative.

Formaldehyde emission sources

In industrial conditions, this chemical is obtained from methane and methanol, but it is also released under natural conditions, namely from:

• atmosphere;
• tobacco products;
• car exhaust gases;
• emissions from chemical and wood processing enterprises;
• waste incineration plants;
• combustion process;
• household items - windows and ceilings made of PVC, children's toys, household appliances, stationery, dishes, plywood and most pieces of furniture, especially the economy segment.

Benefit of connection

Despite the strong toxicity of formaldehyde, it can also be beneficial, especially in the pharmaceutical industry.

The gas does not bring obvious benefits in its pure form, but it can be useful as:

Negative effects of formaldehyde on humans

Formaldehyde is recognized as a partially carcinogenic substance, since there is no direct evidence of such an effect on human health. Based on the research results, a relationship was identified between the effect of the substance on the human body and the development of oncology.

However, other studies have not confirmed such an effect of the chemical, so the Ministry of Health has chosen an average position and does not recommend the use of such preservatives in food products or cosmetics.

If a person comes into contact with formaldehyde, the harm manifests itself immediately in the form of:

• skin rash;
• severe itching;
• irritation.

Long-term exposure to the chemical may cause:

• constant headaches;
• sleep disorders;
• prostration;
• depressed mood.

With severe manifestations, the eyes become inflamed and skin diseases appear, in some cases the risk of cancer increases.

When the level of formaldehyde rises too sharply, this condition causes swelling of the mucous membranes of the larynx, as well as the lungs - consequences that can lead to the death of the poisoned person.

If a person inhales formaldehyde, the gas burns the internal organs that participate in the respiratory process. Once on the skin, concentrated formaldehyde immediately leads to its necrosis, and the development of liver or kidney failure is also possible.

Who is most affected by the compound?

Formaldehyde (its effect on the human body is inevitable, since the substance is used in many industrial areas) is constantly present in housing and household items in small quantities. However, there are certain groups of people who are more susceptible to the effects of the toxin.

These include:

• industrial workers interacting with formaldehyde products;
• residents of areas located near factories producing methanol, formaldehyde, furniture, paints and varnishes, plastics;
• employees of furniture workshops;
• employees of paper manufacturing enterprises;
• representatives of electronic production, textile enterprises;
• medical employees employed in morgues and institutions conducting laboratory tests;
• workers of funeral establishments that provide embalming services.

Inhalation of formaldehyde into the body

The inhalation method means that vapors of the substance penetrate through the respiratory tract. Most often, this method of exposure to formaldehyde is found in industries where employees deal with its gaseous state and do not have the necessary respiratory protection.

When formaldehyde is inhaled, the organs involved in the breathing process are immediately affected. The esophagus is burned first, and the vapors are also distributed throughout the lungs, and the bronchi are additionally affected. After some time, the chemical reaches the tissues of the bone marrow, intestinal mucosa and salivary glands, and the lymphoid tissue, as well as the pancreas, is affected. This is expressed in burning, weakness and nausea.

At high concentrations of formaldehyde, severe poisoning occurs, which has the following consequences:

• swelling of the larynx and lungs, which leads to suffocation;
• circulatory disorders;
• severe pain caused by a burn to the esophagus.

With chronic poisoning, that is, constant exposure to formaldehyde on a person, health gradually deteriorates. On the part of the respiratory organs, there is a constant runny nose, cough and suffocation, a person feels chronic fatigue, and subsequently swelling of the respiratory organs occurs.

Oral exposure to the substance

Accidental ingestion of formaldehyde can occur unknowingly because the chemical solution cannot be distinguished from standard water. The substance settles mainly in the stomach and larynx, but is distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tract.

Immediately after exposure to the substance, symptoms of poisoning can be noted such as:

• vomiting blood;
• severe diarrhea;
• a burning sensation in the nasopharynx, to which pain is added.

As with inhalation, oral administration can cause swelling of the larynx and respiratory arrest, which requires urgent medical attention. If qualified medical care is not provided, formaldehyde will put a strain on the kidneys, causing hemorrhagic nephritis.

12 hours after entering the gastrointestinal tract, formaldehyde reaches the bone marrow, where it has a destructive effect on it.

Skin contact with formaldehyde

Formaldehyde (the effect on the human body is determined by the symptoms of poisoning) can get on the skin if someone works with the substance without protective equipment or accidentally touches a concentrated chemical.

When the skin and formaldehyde interact, a chemical burn occurs, and signs of dermatitis appear, which, if left untreated, turn into eczema, which complicates treatment.

Other consequences of contact with chemicals are no less serious:

The effect of the substance on the immune system

Formaldehyde (the effect on the human body can be harmful) reduces immunity. With prolonged interaction with the substance, the immune system is subjected to a powerful blow, which leads to various consequences.

They are as follows:

• the concentration of lymphocytes decreases;
• the level of immunoglobulin A decreases;
• cases of viral and colds are becoming more frequent;
• a depressive state develops.

How does formaldehyde affect reproductive function?

Male reproductive function is constantly restored, and, despite the harmful effects of formaldehyde on sperm, the effects of poisoning disappear already three months after treatment. The effect of the chemical on women's health is much more serious, and in those women who work with the chemical or are exposed to it.

The following reproductive system disorders may occur:

All these diseases are just symptoms indicating the penetration of formaldehyde or its derivatives into the body. If a woman could actually come into contact with a chemical, she needs to urgently contact a doctor.

What concentration of formaldehyde is considered non-hazardous?

This chemical is gaseous, which means that the main thing is its concentration in the air. The acceptable value is 0.001 mg/liter. In work areas the norm increases, but cannot be higher than 0.005 mg/liter of air.

If such indicators are present, no irreparable harm is caused to a person’s health, but over time he may experience mild symptoms of poisoning. The possibility of cancer also increases.

Symptoms of chronic and acute poisoning

The influence of formaldehyde on the human body, whether it was constant or the concentration became critical immediately, leads to the appearance of various symptoms.

Doctors divide poisoning from this substance into two categories: chronic and acute, the first is associated with long-term exposure to the chemical, while the second is associated with inhalation, ingestion or contact with a large dose of the substance.

First aid for poisoning

If a person experiences signs of formaldehyde poisoning, it is necessary:

1. Call an ambulance.
2. Find out how the poisoning occurred.
3. Provide symptomatic treatment.

Before the doctor arrives, you must complete the following steps:

• remove or remove the victim from the premises and distance him as far as possible from the source of injury;
• try to remove the poison by inducing vomiting or gastric lavage.

If a person loses consciousness, it is necessary to wait for a doctor who uses a gastric tube to rinse. Before this, the patient should lie on his left side. Doctors neutralize formaldehyde as first aid by introducing ammonia through the mouth or probe; ammonium carbonate is also used for rinsing.

Activated carbon helps well at the rate of 1 g/kg of a person’s weight, which is dissolved in 400 ml of water.

Subsequently, the coal is removed from the stomach by vomiting. If the solution gets on your skin or eyes, you should immediately rinse the affected area with purified water or use a 5% ammonia solution (not used for treating eyes).

Treatment for formaldehyde poisoning

A person poisoned by formaldehyde is prescribed treatment in a hospital intensive care unit, where a whole range of measures are involved.

The complex is like this:

1. Hemodialysis— the blood is passed through the “artificial kidney” apparatus, thus being purified, and then returned to the body.
2. Accelerated diuresis— a lot of isotonic solution, or up to 2 liters of glucose, is injected into the vein, and a diuretic is also immediately injected.
3. Symptomatic treatment— doctors monitor the functioning of the heart and nervous system, and if there are any problems, they prescribe the necessary medications.
4. Liver Support— vitamins and hepatoprotectors are introduced into the body, which prevent the inoperability of the affected organ.

Restoring the body after intoxication

After the poisoning has been cured and the body has returned to normal, a comprehensive examination is usually prescribed to identify irreversible changes or deterioration in the person’s condition.

To reduce harm and restore the body, the patient is prescribed:

If there are changes in the functioning of internal organs caused by formaldehyde, medications for the liver, heart, kidneys and lungs may be prescribed. The chemical has an individual effect on the human body, therefore rehabilitation measures after poisoning are selected separately for each patient.

Article format: Lozinsky Oleg

Video about the effects of formaldehyde

What effect does formaldehyde have on the body?