Presentation on the topic of fractures and dislocations. Dislocations and fractures of teeth

When applying a plaster cast, it is important to follow the following rules:

6. When casting, keep the limb motionless. 7. When applying a bandage with a plaster bandage, cover each round of bandage with 2/3 of the previous one, like a spiral bandage. Bandage from the periphery to the center. Do not bend the bandage, but to change the direction of movement, cut it on the opposite side and straighten it. 8. In order for the layers to be better welded and the bandage to exactly match the contours of the body, after each layer you need to carefully rub it in and model it. To do this, smooth the bandage with the entire palm until the hand begins to feel the contours of the body part that is being bandaged; Bone protrusions are modeled especially carefully. 9. When applying a plaster cast, the limb is supported with the entire hand, and not with the fingers, as they can choke on the uncured plaster. 10. To observe the limb, the fingertips of the limb that is being bandaged are left open.

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON??? SUPPORT
??? MUSCLE FUNCTIONS
AND JOINTS???
MOVEMENT

First aid for bruises.

Appearance of a limb with a sprain

BONE FRACTURES

Types of skeletal damage

Other fractures

Slide 2: Mechanical damage to soft tissues

Bruises Compressions Sprains Ruptures

Slide 3: Bruise

Symptoms of bruise: Pain Swelling Bruising The function of the affected organ is preserved. It is disrupted when swelling and hematoma increase.

Slide 4: First aid and treatment

Immobilization of the limb Cold (ice pack) in the first knocks Pressure bandage Thermal procedures from 2 days In the presence of a large hematoma - puncture, removal of blood, pressure bandage.

Slide 5: Traumatic toxicosis

Synonyms: long-term crush syndrome, crash syndrome, positional crush syndrome. A condition caused by long-term (4-8 hours) crushing of the soft tissues of the extremities, which is based on ischemic muscle necrosis, intoxication with decay products, and hepatic-renal failure.

Slide 6: Pathogenetic factors of long-term crush syndrome

Painful irritation Traumatic toxemia due to absorption of tissue decay products Plasma - blood loss

Slide 7: Clinical course

Period of increasing edema and vascular insufficiency (1-3 days) Period of acute renal failure (3-12 days) Recovery period

Slide 8: Treatment

In the first period, Anesthesia Tight bandaging of the limb Anti-shock detoxification therapy Antibiotic therapy In the second period Hemodialysis In the third period Treatment of purulent wounds

Slide 9: DISLOCATIONS

Complete displacement of the articular ends of bones relative to each other. Dislocations are accompanied by rupture of the joint capsule and ligamentous apparatus with one of the articular surfaces emerging through the rupture of the capsule.

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Slide 10: CLASSIFICATION

Congenital Acquired Traumatic Pathological Complicated Uncomplicated

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Slide 11: Congenital dislocations

Disturbance in the development of the articular ends of the bone. The displacement of the latter occurs in the prenatal period.

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Slide 12: Acquired dislocations

Traumatic (effect of injury) Indirect injury with the application of force far from the joint Formation of a lever with a fulcrum in the area of ​​the articular ends of the bone Pathological (disease of the joints with destruction of the articular surfaces of the bones (tumors, tuberculosis, osteomyelitis).

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Slide 13: Complicated dislocations

Damage to large vessels Nerve damage Bone fracture

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Slide 14: Complaints

Pain in the joint area Inability to perform active and passive movements.

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Slide 15: Upon examination

Deformation in the joint area Unusual forced position of the limb Active movements are impossible Shortening or change in the axis of the limb Pain in the joint area Passive movements are limited Symptom of spring fixation Symptom of the key

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Slide 16: TREATMENT

REDUCTION LIMB IMOBILIZATION RESTORATION OF FUNCTIONS

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Slide 17: DISCOVERED SHOULDER

THE SHOULDER JOINT IS DEFORMED THE HEAD OF THE HUMERAUS IS MISSING IN THE USUAL PLACE REGULATION: Kocher Method Janelidze Method Mota Method Hippocratic Method

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Slide 19: Kocher method

STAGE 1: The patient is placed on the table on his back. The shoulder girdles are fixed. The surgeon, with both hands, pulls the forearm and the lower part of the shoulder along the axis of the shoulder while pressing it to the body. STAGE 2: Determining the stretch of the muscles and joint capsule. Without weakening the tension along the axis of the shoulder, the forearm is retracted outward to the frontal surface by rotating the shoulder around the axis STAGE 3: The articular surface of the humeral head is brought outward Without weakening the tension and abduction, without lifting the elbow from the body, the forearm is moved to the midline STAGE 4: With a sharp movement, the hand is thrown onto the opposite shoulder joint and the forearm is moved to the anterior chest surface

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fractures

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Fracture (fractura) - a violation of the integrity of the bone along its length, caused by mechanical stress (trauma) or the influence of a pathological process in the bone (tumor, inflammation)

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Classification of fractures I. By origin: congenital (intrauterine) acquired. 2. Depending on the damage to certain organs, complicated or uncomplicated. 3. By location, diaphyseal epiphyseal 4. In relation to the fracture line to the longitudinal axis of the bone, transverse oblique helical (spiral). 5. According to the position of bone fragments to each other with displacement without displacement of fragments.

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Slide 24

Types of fractures: a) bending, b) impact, c) torsion, d) crushed, e) impacted

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Slide 25

Incomplete fractures A crack is an incomplete fracture in which the connection between parts of the bone is partially broken. The fracture line can be: Direct (transverse fracture) - with a direct blow Oblique - with flexion Spiral (helical) - with twisting Impacted - with compression Avulsion - the torn bone fragment comes off from the main bone

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Slide 26

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Slide 27: Displacement of fragments (dislocatio)

Displacement of fragments can be: primary - under the influence of mechanical force secondary - under the influence of muscle contraction

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Slide 28: Types of displacement of fragments

At an angle (dislocatio ad axin) Lateral displacements (dislocatio ad latum) Along the length (dislocatio ad longitudinem) Along the periphery (dislocatio, ad periferium)

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Slide 29

POSSIBLE OPTIONS FOR DISPLACEMENT OF BONE FRAGMENTS DURING FRACTURES: a - LATERAL DISPLACEMENT; b - AXIS OFFSET (UNDER ANGLE); c - LENGTH SHIFT WITH DELETION; D - LENGTH SHIFT WITH SHORTENING; g - ROTATIONAL DISPLACEMENT

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Slide 30: Conditions that determine fracture healing

GENERAL FACTORS: Decreased tissue reparative capacity Chronic wasting diseases Metabolic disorders Lack of protein nutrition Hypo- and avitaminosis

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Slide 31: ANATOMIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES

LOCAL FACTORS: a) severe trauma, extensive damage to soft tissue, periosteum, bone; b) circulatory disorder in the fracture zone; c) disruption of innervation in the fracture zone; d) intra-articular fractures; e) incomplete reposition (matching) or insufficient; fixation (immobilization) of fragments; f) development of infectious complications; g) tissue interposition.

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Slide 32: RELIABLE SIGNS: examination

Pathological mobility - For example, rocking movements in the hip, shoulder, lower leg, and forearm indicate the presence of a fracture. Crepitation of fragments is determined by hand. The limb is fixed above and below the fracture site and shifted to one side or the other. The appearance of crunching sounds between fragments rubbing against each other is an absolute sign of a fracture. During a clinical examination, the length of the limb is measured, the pulsation of peripheral vessels, skin sensitivity, and active movements of the fingers of the limb are determined.

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Slide 33: Treatment of fractures

three basic principles of treatment: 1) reposition of bone fragments 2) retention, creation of immobility of juxtaposed bone fragments and immobilization of the organ 3) use of means and methods that accelerate the formation of callus and bone fusion (bone consolidation)

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Slide 34: Immobilization with a plaster cast

Gypsum (calcium sulfate) is a tiny powder that, when mixed with water, forms a paste-like mass that hardens within a few minutes.

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Slide 35: Treatment of fractures

The limbs must be given a functionally advantageous position. There must be a good reposition of bone fragments, which must be held during the application of the bandage and until the plaster hardens. Two nearby joints must be fixed with a plaster bandage. The ends of the fingers or toes must remain open. Cotton pads made of plain (non-hygroscopic) material are placed under the bone protrusions. ) cotton wool, which is more elastic and does not absorb sweat. The bandage must be carefully modeled, fit evenly, but not squeeze the underlying part of the body. After applying the bandage, it is marked: the date of the fracture, the application of the bandage, and the expected date of its removal are indicated with a chemical pencil.

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Slide 36: TYPES OF GYPSUM BANDAGES

Langet Circular Langet-circular Fenestrated Bridge-like After healing of the fracture, the plaster cast is removed. Using special scissors or a file, the bandage is cut along the limb, the edges of the cut are moved to the sides and the limb is carefully removed.

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Slide 37: Constant traction method

Traction should be carried out in the average physiological position of the injured limb, i.e. in a state of balance between the antagonist muscles. This is achieved by a semi-bent position of the limb, placed on the Beler, Bogdanov splints. Reduction should be carried out along the axis of the central bone fragment, i.e., the peripheral fragment should be installed along the axis of the central one.

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Slide 38: Constant traction method

The load during traction should increase gradually, which promotes painless muscle stretching and repositioning of fragments. It is necessary to create counter-traction, which is achieved, for example, by raising the foot end of the bed when treating fractures of the lower extremities. In this position, the patient's body weight creates countertraction.

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Slide 39: Surgical treatment of fractures

ABSOLUTE INDICATIONS open fractures; 2) damage to vital organs by bone fragments (the substance of the brain, spinal cord, thoracic and abdominal organs, large vessels, nerves of the extremities); 3) interposition of soft tissues (a condition when there are soft tissues between bone fragments - muscle, tendon, fascia, etc., which makes it impossible to compare bone fragments and bone fusion); 4) false joint; 5) purulent-inflammatory complications of a fracture; 6) improperly healed fractures with gross dysfunction of the organ.

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Slide 40: RELATIVE INDICATIONS

1) failed multiple attempts to compare (reduce) bone fragments; 2) delayed consolidation of the fracture; 3) transverse fractures of long tubular bones, when it is impossible to compare or hold bone fragments; 4) improperly healed fractures with minor impairment of organ function.

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Slide 41: Outcomes of treatment of fractures

Complete restoration of the anatomical integrity and function of the limb. 2. Complete restoration of anatomical integrity with impaired organ function due to muscle atrophy, stiffness, and joint contracture. 3. Incorrectly healed fractures with changes in the shape of a bone or organ (shortening, curvature) and impaired limb function (lameness, limited range of motion). 4. Incorrectly healed fractures with restoration of limb function. 5. Ununited fractures - false joint (pseudoarthrosis). 6. Post-traumatic osteomyelitis.

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Slide 42

Presentation for the lesson "First aid for bruises, dislocations of joints and broken bones." The presentation will help children consolidate the knowledge acquired in the lesson. The presentation contains all the necessary illustrations for first aid. Recommended for special correctional schools of type 8.

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"Presentation for the lesson "First aid for bruises, dislocations of joints and broken bones."

GOOD AFTERNOON

AND GOOD HOUR

I WELCOME

ALL OF YOU!

LESSON TOPIC:

Providing first aid for bruises,

dislocations of joints and bone fractures.

Every person must be able to provide the victim with first aid:

2. Minimize the possible consequences of the incident

3. Promote healing

Damage to bones and joints is a common type of injury .

Injury - damage to an organ or tissue as a result of external influences

Injuries

Mechanical

Psychological

Chemical

A fracture can be in the form of a crack or a complete fracture of the bones.

Simple - crack

Green stick type, in children

Fragmentation

Fractures

Open

Closed

The skin in the fracture area is not damaged; swelling in nearby tissues is local in nature

The wound is caused by a traumatic factor or bone fragment, accompanied by bleeding

What causes fractures?

When you fall on your hand, the force is transferred to the collarbone, which leads to its fracture. .

A direct blow to the chest can cause a rib fracture

Consists of:

• applying a splint from available material to fix the fracture site and the areas of the joints located above and below it.
• The victim is given amidopyrine or analgin internally and transported to the medical center.

First aid

• Tire

• Cold

• Peace

Dislocation - the head of one bone may partially or completely come out of the joint.

Dislocation of the phalanx of the finger

Elbow dislocation

Knee dislocation

How to provide first aid for a sprain?

• Rest the injured part
• Apply ice or cold compress
• Soft pressure bandage
• Headband

Sprain - This is damage to the tendons of the joint area, which leads to muscle rupture.

How to help:

• Applying a Tight Bandage
• Apply cold
• Provide peace

Bruises – closed damage to tissues and organs from a blow with a blunt object

Symptoms:

• Pain

• Edema

• Hematoma

Providing PP:

1.Cold

2.Cold water

3.Spoon

4.Ointment

• Quickly assess the situation

• Determine the cause of injury

• Create peace
• Cold

• Apply a splint or bandage

• Notify teacher, parent, 03.

Take sunbathing (Vitamin D keeps bones healthy)

Eat green vegetables (this is a source of calcium and vitamin K, which strengthens bones)

Here are some tips to help make your bones stronger, your posture more beautiful, and you stronger:

Drink milk daily (1 glass of milk – 300 mg calcium)

Say no to caffeine (coffee removes calcium from the body and bones become fragile)

Non-standard problem situation

On a ski trip, one of your classmates went down the mountain unsuccessfully and broke his hip. Upon examination of the victim, it was found that open fracture, at the fracture site wound, from which a pulsating stream flows blood bright scarlet color. We didn’t take a first aid kit for the hike; it was a long way from the city. Discuss the current situation and offer your option for providing first aid to a friend.

Here are some tips to help make your bones stronger, your posture more beautiful, and you stronger:

Add calcium to your diet (nutritional supplements may be an alternative)

Reduce stress (learn to relieve tension)

Health is the absence of internal obstacles to life

We wish you good health!

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The presentation on the topic “First aid for fractures, bruises, dislocations and sprains” can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Subject of the project: life safety. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 22 slide(s).

Presentation slides

Slide 1

First aid for fractures and bruises, dislocations and sprains

Completed by: Zimovtseva U.V. Student of group 201 Teacher: Oksana Egorovna

Slide 2

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First aid for bruises

What is a bruise?

First aid for bruise

Slide 4

A bruise is an injury to the soft tissues of the body (skin, fat, blood vessels) without serious damage to the skin during a fall or impact with a blunt object. The main symptoms of a bruise are pain in the damaged area, the formation of a hematoma or edema (as a result of rupture or increased vascular permeability).

Slide 5

A bruise is not such a serious injury, but with a severe bruise you cannot be sure that there is no fracture. Therefore, if there is severe pain that intensifies with movement, redness or numbness of the bruised area, you need to go to the hospital and get an x-ray. You should be especially suspicious of bruises to the head, spine and chest. A head contusion may be accompanied by only a small bump, and only after a while do symptoms appear indicating a concussion (bruises under the eyes, nausea, dizziness, nosebleeds). In any case, if there is a bruise, you need to apply cold to the sore spot. This will reduce swelling or hematoma by constricting blood vessels. For the same purpose, a pressure bandage is made. Cold should be applied periodically over several hours. And a day later, when the damaged vessels have healed, you can begin to treat the bruise with warming ointment to improve blood circulation and metabolism.

Slide 6

First aid for fractures

What is a fracture?

First aid for a fracture

Types of closed fractures and first aid

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In case of fractures, the main task is to immobilize the damaged limb or area. Any movement of a broken bone can lead to painful shock, loss of consciousness and damage to surrounding tissue. Moreover, if the victim, after a fall or blow, complains of severe pain that intensifies with any movement or touch, in any case, you need to immobilize the limb and call an ambulance. It is under no circumstances recommended to attempt to correct the position of a damaged bone or to replace a broken bone on your own. Moreover, you should not set protruding bones into the depths of the wound. Let the professionals do this. To alleviate the condition of the victim, you can apply cold to the sore spot to reduce swelling, and also give him analgin, tempalgin, amidopyrine or another painkiller. You can give the patient a drink of water or warm tea and cover him (if it’s cold). If it is not possible to call an ambulance, then you will have to make a splint yourself and transport the person. The tire can be made from any auxiliary material (stick, rods, boards, skis, cardboard, bundles of straw, etc.). When applying a splint, the following rules must be observed: - the splint is always applied to at least two joints (above and below the fracture site); - the splint is not applied to the naked part of the body (be sure to place cotton wool, gauze, clothing, etc. under it); - the applied tire should not dangle; it must be attached firmly and securely;

Slide 9

What to do if your arm is broken

What to do in case of a fracture of the shoulder, collarbone, scapula

What to do if your leg is broken

What to do if your finger is broken

What to do if you have a broken rib

What to do if you have a pelvic fracture

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If a finger is broken, it must be tightly bandaged to the adjacent healthy finger.

For the arm: For the leg:

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What to do if your leg is broken

Tie the injured leg to the healthy leg in the area above and below the fracture. Or, if it is not possible to transport the victim in a lying position, apply a splint covering at least two leg joints. A primary splint is placed on the back of the leg to prevent joint flexion. In case of a hip fracture, a splint is applied right up to the waist and bandaged to the waist.

Slide 15

What to do if you have a broken rib

Because The main task in case of a fracture is to immobilize the broken bones, and the ribs usually move when breathing, then it is necessary to apply a pressure bandage to the chest. Thus, the person will breathe using the abdominal muscles and it will not be so painful for him to breathe. If there are not enough bandages, wrap the chest tightly with a sheet, towel, scarf or other large piece of fabric. There is no need to talk to the victim - it hurts him to talk. Don't let the person lie down because... Sharp rib fragments can damage internal organs. In case of rib fractures, the patient must also be transported in a sitting position.

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Fractures of the pelvic bones are often accompanied by damage to internal organs, bleeding and shock. It is necessary to place the victim in a position in which there is a minimum of pain. Usually, this is lying on your back with a bolster under your feet. In this case, the hips are slightly spread to the sides. The cushion can be made from a pillow, clothing or any material that comes to hand. The patient is transported on a hard board after various anti-shock measures (pain relief, stopping bleeding).

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First aid for sprains

What is stretching?

First aid for sprains

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A sprain is a partial or complete tear of a muscle or ligament (the connective fibers that strengthen joints). This usually occurs during heavy physical activity, which is disproportionate to the person’s capabilities. In addition, the problem can arise with awkward or very active movements, stress on unwarmed muscles. Sprains often occur in children, athletes, and people engaged in vigorous physical activity. The most common sprains are the elbow, knee and ankle joints. When muscles and ligaments are sprained, pain occurs that increases with movement, muscle weakness, bruising and swelling. Edema occurs as a result of damage to the walls of blood vessels.

Slide 19

As with a fracture and dislocation, with a sprain the main task is to immobilize the injured limb. Any movement can break even more fibers, which are currently simply very stretched. Moreover, what seems like a sprain to you may turn out to be a dislocation or fracture. There is no need to rub, knead the sprained arm or walk the sprained leg - this will make it even worse. The best thing you can do is stop exercising, immobilize the injured limb, and apply cold to the stretch - this will help reduce swelling and pain in the moment and (most importantly!) in the days to come. If the pain is severe and there is redness and/or numbness in the damaged area, it is necessary to apply a fixing (pressure) bandage or even a splint (as in case of a fracture) and take the victim to the emergency room. There they will take an x-ray and determine exactly whether it is a sprain, a dislocation, or a fracture. If you decide to do without the help of doctors (the pain is not too severe) - in any case, it is advisable to apply a fixing bandage and periodically apply cold for the first few hours. After a day (when the blood vessels have healed), you can begin to rub the injury with warming ointment to intensify blood circulation and metabolism in the damaged tissues.

Slide 21

Bones are connected to each other using joints - movable joints of bones in which their ends are separated by an articular cavity containing synovial fluid. The outside of the joint is covered with a strong shell called the joint capsule. The joint is strengthened by ligaments. A joint dislocation is the release of the articular part of the bone from the joint cavity with concomitant damage to the joint capsule and ligaments. It may be accompanied by compression and rupture of blood vessels. Signs of a dislocated joint include a change in its shape, swelling and severe pain that intensifies when attempting to move. The most common dislocations are the wrist, finger, elbow, shoulder, knee, foot, hip, and mandibular joint. Dislocation of the wrist and elbow occurs most often when falling on an outstretched or outwardly rotated arm. Dislocation of the hip joint most often occurs during a fall from a height, as well as during an accident.

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As with a fracture, the main task of first aid is to immobilize the damaged joint without changing its position. And under no circumstances should you try to straighten the dislocation yourself! The victim should be given analgin or another painkiller and cold applied to the joint. Wait for the ambulance. If it is not possible to call an ambulance, it is necessary to make a splint and bandage in the same way as for a fracture and take the victim to the emergency room. If the hip is dislocated, bandage the injured limb to the healthy one without changing its position. The victim must be transported in a lying position on a hard surface. At the emergency room, the dislocation will be numbed, an x-ray will be taken, and the joint will be realigned.