Chemistry of alcohol removal from the body and metabolism. The effects of alcohol on the body A message about how alcohol affects the human body

After consumption, alcohol is concentrated in the brain (the alcohol concentration in the brain is 1.75 times higher than in the blood). When concentrated, alcohol affects the brain in the most remarkable way:

• reduces the excitability of nerve cells, the person calms down;
• causes a good mood, euphoria (a little lower, in point No. 4, it will be written how exactly alcohol does all this).

So, a person under the influence of alcohol relaxes and starts having fun! Hehey!!- This is exactly why people drink. Of course, drinking alcohol has many negative consequences (see below), but still:

• small doses of alcohol are the most accessible and easily used remedy that relieves nervous overload, fatigue and stiffness when communicating;
• Medical studies are regularly published on the positive effects of moderate doses of alcohol on the cardiovascular system, the prevention of senile dementia, impotence, etc.

Harmful effects of alcohol on the body

1) Alcohol is a poison that kills cells(therefore, for example, a cut or abrasion can be treated with alcohol, and the germs will die). Ethanol is concentrated in the liver and brain (if we take the alcohol content in the blood as one, then in the liver it will be 1.5, and in the brain 1.75) - therefore, cells in these organs are killed first. A concentration of ethanol sufficient to kill brain cells is created after drinking more than 20 ml of alcohol in men and more than 10 ml in women. (Accordingly, if you drink no more than 20 ml, the relaxing effect of alcohol will be achieved, but the brain and liver cells will not yet begin to die - this is how people talk about the possibility of “moderate alcohol consumption”; more about this is towards the end of the article).

2) Alcohol is a mutagen.

• Mutant cells of one's own body in an adult body are usually destroyed by the immune system (and if for some reason it fails, then cancer occurs; in alcoholics - cancer of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach and liver).
• Mutations in germ cells do not manifest themselves in any way in the person who produced these cells, but they appear in his children.
  • Sperm in a man's testes develop within 75 days, so if you are planning to conceive someone, completely abstain from alcohol for 2.5 months before that, and everything will be fine.
  • This measure will not help women: they have eggs since birth, so if a woman is 20 years old, then her eggs are 20 years old, and all the mutagenic effects that have occurred over these 20 years accumulate in the eggs.

3) Alcohol disrupts fetal development. These disorders are not associated with mutations, but with improper interaction of cells of the developing fetus. The brain suffers the most: children of alcoholics are usually mentally retarded. In addition, deformities are possible: underdevelopment of the limbs, damage to the heart, kidneys, etc.

4) Alcohol is a drug. After consumption, it concentrates in the brain and there it affects 2 groups of neurotransmitters.

• Activates gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, one of the most important inhibitory mediators of the human nervous system. The excitability of cells decreases, the person calms down.
• It enhances the synthesis of our own opiates: endorphins (pleasure hormones), as well as dopamine, a mediator that excites pleasure centers. The person experiences euphoria.

Systematic consumption of alcohol changes the metabolism in the body:

• Ethanol becomes a regular source of energy, since it is much easier for the body to obtain energy from alcohol than from food. But amino acids, fatty acids, and vitamins cannot be obtained from alcoholic beverages, which is why alcoholics develop dystrophy and vitamin deficiencies.
• Artificial stimulation causes the body to produce less of its own opiates and GABA. Without opiates, a person experiences dissatisfaction, which is relieved by drinking alcohol. This leads to the development of mental dependence syndrome, and then.

Guidelines for drinking alcohol in moderation

If we drink 20 ml of alcohol, we will get a slight relaxing effect, while the concentration of ethanol that is dangerous for brain and liver cells will not yet arise.

20 ml of alcohol is 50 ml of vodka/cognac, or 150 ml of wine, or 330 ml of beer (women - 2 times less, sorry).

The daily dose should in no case be higher, and at least two days a week you should completely abstain from alcohol.

There are circumstances in which even one or two drinks of alcohol can be dangerous:

• when driving or working with machinery (since alcohol does what it is consumed for - it relaxes a person, while just one serving of alcohol reduces the reaction rate by 10 times);
• during pregnancy or breastfeeding (since alcohol enters the child’s body and can cause developmental disorders);
• while taking certain medications that may react chemically with ethanol;
• for medical contraindications;
• if a person is unable to control his alcohol consumption.

Objections to the thesis about the harmlessness and even usefulness of small doses of alcohol

Objection #1
Alcohol is poison. Scientists and doctors who claim that alcohol can be beneficial in small doses are either funded by alcohol manufacturers or mistaken. An example of an error: scientists and doctors study old people and see that those who can afford half a glass at lunch get sick less. Medical scientists conclude that moderate alcohol consumption is good for health. But the connection here may well be reversed! Seventy-year-old men and women who regularly drink a glass of wine may drink in moderation precisely because they are in good physical shape, do not suffer from serious illnesses and, accordingly, do not take strong drugs that are incompatible with alcohol. And the fact that a given person is, in principle, capable of being moderate could lead to the preservation of health until such an advanced age.

"Alcohol has many faces. It is a food, a liquid and a fuel, as well as a disinfectant and analgesic, a stimulant and a sedative, a means of improving well-being, which, however, can be intoxicating and addictive."

It's no secret that alcohols are very dangerous for humans; they are poisons. One of them is ethyl alcohol. It is included in alcoholic beverages. This alcohol has a poisonous effect on the human body, not immediately, but gradually. We'll look at exactly how next.

There are a lot of global problems in our world. One of them is alcoholism. It is a very acute and pressing problem in the modern world. Currently, when the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages is permitted, alcohol takes the place of a legal drug in society, which, when used systematically, causes alcohol dependence (alcoholism).

Every year the number of alcohol drinkers increases, as a result of which the production of alcoholic beverages also increases. The number of people suffering from alcoholism and other related diseases, which significantly undermine human health, is also growing.

Modern society is faced with such a problem as childhood alcoholism. According to statistics, it is widespread among high school children. The worst thing is that for children of this age, drinking alcohol is considered more a pattern than an exception, and some simply cannot imagine spending their leisure time without a bottle of beer.

We must remember that alcoholism leads to serious consequences not only for alcoholics themselves, but also for their descendants (they may have defective or developmentally delayed children), and while intoxicated, a person can commit reckless actions, which is often the cause of accidents. roads and crimes.

The topic of the work is the effect of ethyl alcohol on the human body.

The purpose of the work is to study the effect of ethyl alcohol on the human body,

Job objectives:

1. Study of literature on the identified problem.

2. Studying the history of the appearance of alcohol and its distribution.

3. Study of the stages of alcohol passing through the human body.

4. Conducting an experiment to study the interaction of organic substances and ethyl alcohol.

1. History of the appearance and spread of alcohol

The basis for the production of any alcoholic beverages is the process of alcoholic fermentation of sugars, that is, their breakdown in an aqueous environment under the influence of microbial enzymes without the use of oxygen.

The process of alcoholic fermentation was probably discovered in the Mesolithic (8000-6000 BC). There is evidence of the simplest forms of winemaking dating from this time. Brewing has an almost equally long history. The grapevine was the most common source of alcoholic beverages in the Nile Valley and Mesopotamia (early 2000 BC). Date palm fruit and palm sap were also popular early sources of wine.

Although the grapevine is historically the main source of alcoholic beverages, and still retains a dominant role, many other sugar-containing plant species are also used by different peoples. Roots, stems, leaves and even flowers are used for proper processing. The total number of “alcohol-producing” plants is quite large, but most of them are of local importance. About 40 types are more widely used.

Winemaking and brewing have played a huge role in the development of various civilizations. The mythology is filled with references to the vine and libations in honor of the gods. The spread of wine and grapevine culture may have been due to the symbolic association of the red-colored liquid with blood and the effect wine had on humans. At least in the Christian religion this has received canonical embodiment.

Viticulture probably spread to Europe (first to Greece and later to Rome) from Egypt and Mesopotamia. This industry turned out to be so important that one of the Greek gods, Dionysus (Bacchus), became the god of viticulture and winemaking. The sweet-fragrant wine of the ancient world - afintites - was produced 2500 years ago.

The process of brewing beer from cereal grains dates back to the Sumerian culture (circa 3000 BC). Initially, beer was used as a medicine, in particular as a remedy against leprosy. Information has been preserved about the technology of beer production in Ancient Egypt dating back to 2000 BC. e.

An old Arabian legend tells how a certain alchemist, in search of the “elixir of life,” began to distill old wine, to which he added table salt, and obtained alcohol. He tried it and found an intoxicating effect. Amazed by the amazing properties of alcohol to drive away sadness and induce cheerfulness, the alchemist decided that he had managed to discover the “water of life.” However, it was just ethyl, or wine, alcohol (ethanol, or alcohol C2H5OH). The Italian alchemist Raymond Lulius (1235-1315) used ethanol as a medicine called “life-giving drops”. In 1350, the Irish commander Savage first tried to raise the spirit of his soldiers with the drink “aquavit,” the prototype of our vodka. But soon the hymns of praise gave way to curses against ethanol - that “great liar” nicknamed the “plague of the 20th century.”

The famous traveler N. N. Miklouho-Maclay observed the Papuans of New Guinea, who did not yet know how to make fire, but already knew how to prepare intoxicating drinks. The Arabs began to obtain pure alcohol in the 6th-7th centuries and called it “al kogol”, which means “intoxicating”. The first bottle of vodka was made by the Arab Raghez in 860. Distilling wine to produce alcohol sharply worsened drunkenness. It is possible that this was the reason for the ban on the use of alcoholic beverages by the founder of Islam (Muslim religion) Muhammad (Mohammed, 570-632). This prohibition was subsequently included in the code of Muslim laws - the Koran (7th century). Since then, for 12 centuries, alcohol has not been consumed in Muslim countries, and apostates of this law (drunkards) have been severely punished.

But even in Asian countries, where the consumption of wine was prohibited by religion (the Koran), the cult of wine still flourished and was sung in poetry.

In the Middle Ages, Western Europe also learned to produce strong alcoholic beverages by sublimating wine and other fermenting sugary liquids. According to legend, this operation was first performed by the Italian monk alchemist Valentius. Having tried the newly obtained product and becoming highly intoxicated, the alchemist declared that he had discovered a miraculous elixir that makes an old man young, a tired man cheerful, and a yearning man cheerful.

Since then, strong alcoholic drinks have quickly spread throughout the countries of the world, primarily due to the constantly growing industrial production of alcohol from cheap raw materials (potatoes, sugar production waste, etc.). Alcohol entered everyday life so quickly that almost no artist, writer or poet avoided this topic. Such are the pictures of drunkenness in the paintings of old Dutch, Italian, Spanish and German artists. The evil power of alcoholism was understood by many progressive people of their time. The famous religious reformer of those years, Martin Luther, wrote: “Every country must have its own devil, our German devil is a good barrel of wine.”

However, a list of famous drunkards of Hellas has been preserved to this day (one of them was nicknamed “the funnel”). It is said that the English Prime Minister Pitt the Younger (1759-1806) drank a phenomenal amount of wine every day, and the Polish king Boleslaw I the Brave (reigned 992-1025) was allegedly nicknamed “beer bread” by the Germans.

The spread of drunkenness in Rus' is associated with the policies of the ruling classes. It was even believed that drunkenness is supposedly an ancient tradition of the Russian people. At the same time, they referred to the words of the chronicle: “Fun in Rus' is to drink.” But this is slander against the Russian nation. The Russian historian and ethnographer, an expert on the customs and morals of the people, Professor N.I. Kostomarov (1817-1885) completely refuted this opinion. He proved that in Ancient Rus' they drank very little. Only on selected holidays were they brewed mead, mash or beer, the strength of which did not exceed 5-10 degrees. The glass was passed around and everyone took a few sips from it. No alcoholic drinks were allowed on weekdays, and drunkenness was considered the greatest shame and sin.

But in the 16th century, massive imports of vodka and wine from abroad began. Under Ivan IV and Boris Godunov, “tsar taverns” were established, bringing a lot of money into the treasury. However, even then they tried to limit the consumption of alcoholic beverages. So in 1652 a decree was issued “to sell vodka one glass per person.” It was forbidden to give wine to “pituhs” (i.e., drinkers), as well as to everyone during fasting, on Wednesdays, Fridays and Sundays. However, due to financial considerations, an amendment was soon made: “in order to make a profit for the great sovereign’s treasury, the roosters should not be driven away from the circle yard,” which actually supported drunkenness.

Since 1894, the sale of vodka became a royal monopoly.

As a medicine, alcohol (ethyl alcohol) in medicine has long lost its importance and is used only as a basis for the manufacture of small quantities of medicines and as a disinfectant.

Thus, alcohol consumption in society is traditional.

Experts from the World Health Organization believe that if the consumption of pure alcohol per capita exceeds 8 liters, then this is already dangerous for the nation and its gene pool.

According to statistics, in 1984, per capita consumption of pure alcohol reached 10.45 liters in Russia as a whole and 9.47 liters in the Republic of Tatarstan. Then the USSR Government decided to reduce the production of alcoholic products.

According to the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, the consumption of pure alcohol per capita in Russia in 2001 was 8.3 liters (taking into account the illegal circulation of alcoholic beverages), and according to Russian doctors, this figure reaches 15 liters.

Over the past 20 years, the structure of alcohol consumption has undergone significant changes. In the 80s, in the total volume of alcoholic products consumed by the population of Russia, 39% were strong drinks (vodka - 38%, cognacs - 1%), 61% - low-proof drinks (grape wines, fruit and berry wines, champagnes). In 2001, in the structure of alcohol consumed in Russia, the dominant position is occupied by strong drinks - 65%, and low-proof drinks account for only 35%. In addition, the shadow market or, more precisely, unaccounted alcohol consumption currently also consists of strong drinks - this is illegal vodka, moonshine and various alcohol-containing liquids consumed by certain segments of the population as surrogates for alcoholic products.

2. Description of ethyl alcohol from a chemical point of view

Physical properties. Ethyl alcohol (ethanol C2H5OH) is a colorless liquid with a characteristic odor and a boiling point of 78.3 degrees Celsius. Flammable

Structure. The ethyl alcohol molecule consists of an ethyl hydrocarbon radical connected to one hydroxo group.

The oxygen of the hydroxo group attracts the electron density of the hydrogen of the hydroxo group and the adjacent carbon atom. Oxygen has a partial negative charge, hydrogen has a partially positive charge, and the carbon atom regains electron density due to the hydrogen and carbon atoms connected to it. The oxygen atom of the hydroxyl group has two lone pairs of electrons, which makes it possible to form hydrogen bonds between molecules. Therefore, ethanol has unique solubility and is miscible with water in any ratio and has high penetrating ability.

Ethanol is a saturated, monobasic alcohol.

Receipt. The main method of producing ethyl alcohol is the fermentation of glucose under the action of enzymes (organic catalysts of protein nature):

C6H12O6 = 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

Chemical properties. Ethyl alcohol, like other alcohols, is characterized by basic and acidic properties. Acidic properties are possible due to the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl group, but these properties are very weak compared to the acidic properties of water.

a) Acid properties

The acidic properties of alcohols are possible only with alkali and alkaline earth metals.

2C2H5OH + 2Na = 2C2H5ONa + H2 b) Basic properties

Interaction with hydrogen halides

C2H5OH + HBr = C2H5Br + H2O c) oxidation

During complete oxidation, a large amount of heat is released, which is why ethanol is an energetically valuable product (the oxidation of 1 mol of ethanol releases 1370 kJ of energy).

C2H5OH + 3O2 = 2CO2 + 3H2O + Q

Partial

Alcohols form aldehydes or carboxylic acids.

C2H5OH + CuO = CH3CHO + H2O + Cu d) dehydration

Intermolecular; when heated to no more than 140 degrees Celsius and in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid

2C2H5OH = C2H5-O-C2H5 + H2O

Intramolecular; when heated above 140 degrees Celsius, in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid

C2H5OH = C2H4 + H2O

Application. Ethanol is widely used in the food industry for the production of synthetic rubber, medicines, is used as a solvent, and is included in varnishes and paints, and perfumes. In medicine, ethyl alcohol is the most important disinfectant. Used for preparing alcoholic drinks.

3. The path of alcohol in the human body

Let us trace the passage of ethanol in the human body: a) penetration through the oral cavity and esophagus into the stomach;

Burning the mucous membrane of the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus, it enters the gastrointestinal tract.

Digestive system

Changes in individual parts of the digestive system begin already in the oral cavity, where alcohol suppresses secretion and increases the viscosity of secreted and swallowed saliva. Unlike many other substances, alcohol is quickly and completely absorbed in the stomach. The mucous membrane of the stomach is irritated by excess alcohol, and the functioning of the stomach is impaired.

Approximately 20% of any alcoholic drink is absorbed in the stomach, and 80% in the intestines.

The composition of gastric juice secreted under the influence of alcohol changes significantly: it contains a lot of hydrochloric acid and little pepsin, an enzyme that breaks down proteins, resulting in a change in protein metabolism. If a chicken protein solution is exposed to alcohol, the protein irreversibly coagulates, i.e. denaturation occurs (destruction of the natural structure of the protein). Due to this, alcohol is used as an antiseptic.

Acid has a burning effect on the mucous membrane of the stomach, which can cause pain in it and contributes to the development of gastritis. Regular consumption of alcohol to increase appetite leads to gastric atrophy (reduction in the size of the stomach).

b) absorption into the blood;

Easily crossing biological membranes, after about an hour it reaches its maximum concentration in the blood. Ethyl alcohol molecules can easily cross biological membranes due to their small size, weak polarization, the formation of hydrogen bonds with water molecules, and the good solubility of alcohol in fats. It is believed that if you eat a large fatty meal, then the penetration of ethanol is less, this is not true, the process simply stretches out over time.

Let's do the following experiment. Let's take two glasses. Pour ethyl alcohol into one and water into the other, one milliliter in each. Let's put filter paper into glasses, and we see that alcohol moves through the paper faster than water. This is explained by the faster movement of alcohol molecules and its faster penetration into the molecules of the paper.

This property of alcohol is used in alcohol lamps.

c) entry into the functional systems of the body;

The further path taken by alcohol in the human body: quickly absorbed into the blood, dissolving well in the intercellular fluid, alcohol enters all cells of the body, especially actively into the tissue of the brain and liver.

The cardiovascular system

In the body of a non-drinker, the concentration of ethanol in the blood is constant - 0.003 to 0.006%. When drinking alcohol, as a result of the body's biochemical reactions, the concentration increases (3 glasses of vodka - 0.01%, 24 glasses - 0.5%). The body quickly gets used to the increased content of ethanol in the blood (drug addiction); when the concentration decreases, the body reacts with painful changes (hangover syndrome). An increased ethanol content causes spasm of blood vessels and the heart muscle, which increases the likelihood of vascular blockage and acute heart failure.

When the amount of alcohol in the blood is 0.04-0.05%, the cerebral cortex turns off, a person loses control over himself, loses the ability to reason rationally.

At a blood alcohol concentration of 0.1%, the deeper parts of the brain that control movement are inhibited. A person’s movements become uncertain and are accompanied by causeless joy, animation, and fussiness. However, in 15% of people, alcohol can cause despondency and a desire to fall asleep. As the alcohol content in the blood increases, a person’s ability to hear and visual perception is weakened, and the speed of motor reactions is dulled.

A blood alcohol concentration of 0.2% affects areas of the brain that control emotional behavior. At the same time, base instincts awaken and sudden aggressiveness appears.

With a blood alcohol concentration of 0.3%, a person, although conscious, does not understand what he sees and hears. This condition is called alcoholic stupor.

When the blood alcohol concentration reaches 0.6-0.7%, death can occur.

Once in the blood, alcohol causes dilation of peripheral blood vessels. This creates a feeling of warmth. However, the increased heat transfer that occurs in this case, although subjectively pleasant, is objectively dangerous, since thermoregulation is impaired and a person can freeze to death, since he intensively loses heat and, not feeling the cold, does not take proper precautions.

Alcohol circulates in the blood for 5-7 hours.

Scientists have found that, by disrupting the functions of cells, it causes their death: when consumed 100g. beer kills about 3000 brain cells, 100g. wine - 500, 100g. vodka - 7500, contact of red blood cells with alcohol molecules leads to coagulation of blood cells.

Brain

Alcohol quickly affects the brain, slowing down the activity of nerve cells. Alcohol changes the structure of cell walls and disrupts the transmission of nerve signals. Thus, reflexes are harmed. Poisoning occurs. The body slowly loses sensitivity. As the proportion of alcohol circulating in the blood increases, the level of damage increases. The nervous system needs time to recover. Alcohol stays in the brain for a long time. It is found unchanged even after 20 days of its use.

There are two phases of the effect of alcohol on the central nervous system:

1) The excitation phase is characterized by euphoria, a feeling of vigor and strength, disinhibition, and a decrease in self-criticism. During this phase, the metabolism of neurons in the cerebral cortex (CMC) is disrupted, the amount of serotonin decreases, and the release of adrenaline, norepinephrine, and dopamine increases, which are actively metabolized during this stage; The endogenous opioidergic system is activated: enkephalins and endorphins are released, due to which a person’s perception of the world changes.

2) The depression phase, euphoria gives way to dysphoria, the reason for this is a decrease in the metabolism of norepinephrine and dopamine, the increased concentration of which causes depression of the central nervous system and depression.

These changes in the central nervous system lead to inappropriate behavior: to universal love or, conversely, to universal hatred, often leading to aggression, which sometimes encourages crime. A crime committed while intoxicated does not mitigate guilt, but according to the law is an aggravating circumstance.

Getting into the lungs, alcohol damages their tissue, making it vulnerable to microbes that cause pulmonary diseases. d) transformation in the liver;

The liver neutralizes toxic substances entering the blood.

The liver breaks down (oxidizes) alcohol at an almost constant rate: usually about 0.5 liters of beer per hour. This process ultimately consumes approximately 90% of the alcohol, producing carbon dioxide and water as end products. The remaining 10% is excreted through the lungs, with sweat.

If the amount of alcohol consumed exceeds the liver's capacity, cell dehydration occurs, resulting in alcohol remaining in the blood for a long time.

In alcoholics, liver degeneration occurs - secretory cells are replaced by connective tissue. This leads to serious consequences (cirrhosis or liver cancer), often ending in death.

The liver can utilize 20 g of ethanol per day into water and carbon dioxide:

C2H5OH + 3O2= 2CO2+ 3H2O

With a larger amount, it cannot cope with complete oxidation, so ethanol is partially oxidized to acetaldehyde:

C2H5CHO + [O] = CH3CHO + HO

Let us carry out the following experiments on the oxidation of ethyl alcohol:

1) complete oxidation

Pour three ml of alcohol into a porcelain cup and set it on fire, it will completely oxidize to carbon dioxide and water. This releases a huge amount of energy, since alcohol is a high-calorie substance. The use of alcohol in heating devices and alcohol lamps in the laboratory is based on this property.

2) partial oxidation

For mild oxidation, oxidizing agents, such as copper oxide, can be used. To do this, take a copper wire, twist it in the form of a spiral, heat it in the flame of an alcohol lamp, it will become covered with a black coating of copper oxide. Then we put the wire in a glass with alcohol, we do this several times, the copper wire is restored, and the smell in the glass becomes specific - acetaldehyde.

It is also possible to oxidize alcohol with potassium bichromate (K2Cr2O7).

Take a five percent solution of potassium dichromate, add a fifteen percent solution of sulfuric acid and a few drops of alcohol. Already at room temperature in a test tube, the solution gradually changes color from orange to green, as chromium ions (Cr+3) appear:

3C2H5OH + K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 = 3C2H4O + K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 7 H2O

This reaction is used by traffic police officers in indicator tubes.

d) removal from the body.

So, alcohol in the body:

Provides the body with energy (alcohol has a high energy value, but does not contain nutrients).

Acts as an anesthetic on the central nervous system, slowing down its functioning and reducing its effectiveness.

Stimulates urine production. When you drink a lot of alcohol, your body loses more water than it takes in, and your cells become dehydrated.

Temporarily disables the liver. After a large dose of alcohol, approximately two-thirds of the liver may fail, but liver function usually returns completely within a few days.

The accumulation of intermediate breakdown products leads to a number of negative side effects: increased formation of fat and its accumulation in liver cells; the accumulation of peroxide compounds that can destroy cell membranes, resulting in the contents of cells leaking out through the formed pores, all this leads to cirrhosis.

Acetaldehyde is 30 times more toxic than ethyl alcohol. In addition, as a result of biochemical reactions in tissues and organs, mutations occur in cells, which leads (and this has been proven by doctors) to the occurrence of various deformities in embryos.

We have looked at the effect of alcohol on the body, now let’s look at the effect it has on the human psyche.

Alcohol, when ingested, reaches all cells of the human body. At the same time, visual and hearing acuity decreases, the accuracy of movements is impaired, and therefore it is strictly forbidden to drink alcohol while driving in order to avoid road accidents.

One-time consumption of alcohol creates the illusion of an increase in mood, since alcohol has euphoric (causing a feeling of satisfaction) properties. In a state of alcoholic intoxication, unresolved life problems “go away” somewhere, a person does not remember them, and the state of fatigue disappears.

After the period of alcohol intoxication ends, life’s problems become active again in a person’s mind and continue to occupy all his thoughts. And if a person was tired, then the fatigue increases even more.

Repeated drinking of alcohol impairs attention and memory, as brain function is disrupted.

Consumption of alcoholic beverages is harmful to health not only during the short period when a person is intoxicated. The consequences of poisoning of the body are felt by organs and cells for 2 weeks after a single intake of alcoholic beverages.

The alcohol consumer loses control over his behavior. His thoughts, feelings, and actions are “guided” by alcohol. A person begins to neglect his responsibilities in the family and educational community.

Conclusion

The consumption of alcoholic beverages has deep roots, as we have seen by considering the history of the use of ethyl alcohol from ancient times to the present day.

The problem of alcoholism has become particularly acute now. You need to pay attention to it, study it and fight it. Knowing the effect of ethyl alcohol on the human body, we will be able to treat the body, fight alcoholism and live without harming our already suffering health.

It is possible, of course, to introduce ways of prohibition, but as experience shows, this generally does not solve the problem.

Ethyl alcohol is a problem in modern society when consumed. At the same time, it is a very important product of the chemical industry; it is widely used in the production of perfumes, varnishes, paints and solvents, and in medicine for the production of drugs.

In this work, we examined and conducted several experiments on the interaction of ethyl alcohol with organic substances in the human body, the reasons for the almost unhindered passage of alcohol through the walls of tissues and blood vessels.

Ethyl alcohol in our body disrupts the functioning of the stomach, destroys protein, promotes the development of gastritis, leads to gastric atrophy, liver degeneration in alcoholics, causes spasm of blood vessels and heart muscle, leads to the possibility of blockage of blood vessels and acute heart failure, disrupts cell function, which leads to to their death, harms reflexes.

You need to know that there are no internal organs that remain healthy and functional when drinking alcohol.

In recent years, mortality from alcohol poisoning and the incidence of alcoholic psychosis have increased in Russia, which is primarily due to the consumption of alcohol surrogates by a certain part of the population - adulterated vodka, various alcohol-containing liquids and moonshine.

I think people should start taking their health more responsibly, because the lives of future generations depend on it.

Mottolesson:

Lesson objectives:

Cognitive: Using a research method to prove the harmful effects of alcohol on the proteins of living organisms, to expand students’ knowledge about the causes and consequences of the negative effects of alcohol on the human body.

Educational: continue the development of general educational skills when performing laboratory work; analyzing information, summarizing it, conducting experiments in compliance with safety regulations; the ability to observe, draw conclusions, establish cause-and-effect relationships.

Educational: to form a negative attitude towards alcoholism as a social phenomenon; lead students to a conscious refusal of alcohol, based on knowledge of its harmful consequences.

Formation of key competencies:

value-semantic- see and understand the world around us from the perspective of chemistry, choose goals and meaning for one’s actions and actions, and lead a healthy lifestyle;

communicative- speak chemical language, be able to work in a group;

educational and cognitive- independently set goals, gain knowledge based on observations, analysis, generalization of experiment results, reflect on one’s own activities, evaluate one’s work;

informational- search, analyze, select the necessary information, transform it homework.

Lesson type: integrated lesson-research when learning new material.

Methods:

learning – dialogical;

teaching – illustrative and stimulating;

teachings – partially exploratory, experimental.

Equipment:

multimedia projector with screen;

presentation for the lesson (Presentation);

computer.

For students (per table):

instructional map for conducting a chemistry lesson ( );

6 test tubes;

alcohol lamp;

Reagents: ethyl alcohol solution; water; egg white solution; vegetable oil; copper wire.

During the classes

Organizational. Greeting students. Checking readiness for the lesson.

Indicative and motivational.

The topic of our today's lesson will be suggested to us by the objects that you see on your tables. Among them are medications, household chemicals, and cosmetics.

Slide No. 1-4. What do you think unites them?

Expected student answers: Availability alcohol as part of the proposed perfumes and cosmetics, medicines, household chemicals, we are offered substances and materials for the production of which we can use alcohols.

Today we will get acquainted with the toxic effects of ethanol on the human body, consider the mechanism of action of alcohol on cells, organs, and systems of the human body, and identify the causes of the toxicity of ethyl alcohol.

Teacher's opening speech. - Since ancient times, humans have known a large number of toxic substances, all of which differ in the strength of their effect on the body. Among them stands out a substance that is known in medicine as a strong protoplasmic poison - ethyl alcohol. Is ethyl alcohol a poison or not? What is meant by the word "poison".

Slide number 5. “A poison that does not act immediately does not become less dangerous.”

Let's turn to the epigraph of our lesson. “A poison that does not act immediately does not become less dangerous.”

Slide number 6. That's right, the topic of our lesson is “Ethyl alcohol and its effect on the human body.”

Today in class we will look at the effects of ethyl alcohol on the human body and talk about the dangers of alcohol.

On your desks there are instruction cards in which you will work today, and, of course, your work will be assessed. So now write down your last name and class ( students fill out the header of the instruction card).

Slide number 7. Today in class you:

explore the properties of ethanol;

you will gain knowledge based on observations, analysis and generalization of experimental results;

you will learn about the harmful effects of ethanol on the human body;

you will be pleasantly surprised: it turns out that you already know so much!

What associations do you have with the word “alcohol”?

Remember the positive and negative roles of alcohols:

The positive role of alcohols

The negative role of alcohols

Slide number 8, As a rule, in the negative role of alcohol, students indicate the disease alcoholism and the associated antisocial behavior of people.

Alcohol is used not only for the production of alcoholic beverages. In medicine, alcohol is used as a disinfectant, a means for compresses, for the preparation of extracts and tinctures, and a solvent for many medications.

In perfumery, it is the basis of cologne, eau de toilette, lotions and perfumes.

The most important problem today is the search for alternative energy sources. The use of alcohol as a motor fuel seems attractive. This is both environmentally friendly and oil saving. In some countries of Europe, South America and Africa, gasohol is poured into car tanks - a mixture of gasoline with 10-12% alcohol. Due to the high octane number of this product, there is no need for ethylation with tetraethyl lead, a substance very toxic to nature.

Butadiene is obtained from alcohol, which is used to produce synthetic rubber. Our Voronezh synthetic rubber plant uses ready-made butadiene, which is supplied from other enterprises in Russia and Belarus.

In addition, ethers and esters, dyes, and plastics are obtained from alcohol. For example, medicinal ether, as shown by a chemical expert.

Slide number 9. Ethanol is used in optics and electronics as a drying and washing agent, and in biology as a preservative. Finally, alcohol thermometers would not be possible without it.

Slide number 10. A table about the role of alcohols in human life and the words of the famous alchemist and physician Paracelsus are projected on the screen: “Everything is poison, Everything is medicine, It’s all a matter of dose.”

Slide No. 11-18. Introductory word. Alcohol-related mortality statistics.

Alcohol abuse, according to researchers, leads to high mortality, especially among men. In particular, in Siberia, alcohol mortality is 22% of the total level, in the Central Federal District - about 12%. Experts believe that the total number of alcoholics in our country is about 7 million. For every chronic alcoholic, there are 3-4 people who abuse alcohol. In recent years in Russia, mortality from alcoholism among men has increased 2.5 times, among women – 3 times. In Russia, men live 18 years less than in the United States, and 12 years less than in Europe. This is due to the amount of alcohol consumed per capita (diagram on slide).

To prevent a substance from becoming a poison, a person must know everything about it and use it skillfully. Therefore, today our main task in class is to study the properties of ethanol and its effect on human health. We will begin our acquaintance with it with its physical properties.

Slide No. 19-20. Historical reference

Research shows that the ancient Chinese, Egyptians, Indians, Greeks and other peoples already had alcoholic drinks. In Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, festivals called bacchanals were held in honor of the grape harvest. They were accompanied by the most unbridled revelry and drunken orgies. The first bottle of vodka was obtained by distillation of wine by the Arab alchemist Rabez in 860.

However, humanity soon began to understand the harmful consequences of drunkenness. Some Chinese emperors executed drunkards. In ancient India, those caught drunk were forced to drink boiling wine or urine. In Rome, plebeians found drunk were turned into slaves. And in Ancient Sparta, slaves were drunk and shown to young Spartans to make them disgusted with drinking.

In the 15th century, Europe received the technology for preparing strong alcoholic drinks with a strength of up to 40-50 degrees, it was discovered by the Italian alchemist-monk Valentinus. Drunkenness is spreading rapidly throughout Europe. Both the nobility and knighthood indulged in drunkenness widely. An old English proverb said: "Drunk as a lord."

In ancient times, Russians also drank intoxicating drinks, such as honey or mash, their strength was no higher than 5-10 degrees, and they drank only on holidays. In 1552, Ivan the Terrible opened the first large tavern - only for the guardsmen. Revenues from vodka replenished the state treasury.

Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich (1613-1645) destroyed all taverns and established drinking houses where wine was sold only in small doses. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-1676) again farmed out strong drinks and ordered the establishment of taverns in all cities, one at a time. Until the time of Peter I, noble people spent their time drinking, which was not considered a vice.

Under Peter I, drunkards were imprisoned and hung on their chests with a medal weighing 17 pounds with the inscription “For drunkenness.”

We study the physical properties of ethanol by conducting laboratory experiments.

You will write down your observations and conclusions on the instructional map.

Slide number 21. Safety instructions are provided:

Substances for experiments must be taken in the quantities specified in the instructions.

Light a spirit lamp only with a match and do not tilt the spirit lamp towards another burning spirit lamp.

Place the object to be heated in the upper third of the flame.

To extinguish the flame of the alcohol lamp, it should be closed with a cap.

Slide number 22.

1 EXPERIENCE Solubility of ethyl alcohol in water.

Target: study the physical properties of ethyl alcohol.

Progress of the experiment: Pour 1 ml of water and the same amount of alcohol into a test tube. Students conduct an experiment.

Slide number 23.

2 EXPERIENCE Ethyl alcohol is a fat solvent.

Goal: in Find out whether ethanol dissolves fats.

Progress of the experiment: Pour 1 ml of water into 1 test tube, 1 ml of ethanol into the second test tube, add 1-2 drops of vegetable fat to each. Shake the test tubes.

The guys draw a conclusion about the solubility of alcohol. The data is recorded in a table.

State of aggregation

Solubility in water

Fat solubility

colorless

characteristic odor

mixes with water in any ratio

Dissolve fats

Conclusion: because alcohol is highly soluble in fats; the speed of passage of alcohol molecules is greater than the speed of passage of water; therefore, ethyl alcohol is absorbed into the blood quickly.

Slide number 24 THE PATH OF ALCOHOL IN THE HUMAN BODY

Slide number 25 What alcohol does to our body

Slide number 26-27. An alcohol molecule approaches a fat molecule, interacts with it and knocks out the cell membrane. The cell is damaged. It is as a result of this alcohol damage to the cell that anything can get inside it: “bad ecology”, chemistry, waste. Other molecules can “draw” inside a damaged cell through the wound caused by an alcohol molecule. And inside the cell there is a nucleus and chromosomes. Ultimately, alcohol can kill this cell completely.

Slide number 28-29. Alcohol is poisonous: 6-8 g of alcohol per 1 kg of body weight of an adult is a lethal dose. What is the lethal dose of alcohol for you? Let’s solve the problem.

However, this dose may vary depending on sensitivity to ethyl alcohol, the conditions of its intake (strength of drinks, fullness of the stomach with food), etc. In some people, death may occur after taking 100-150 g of pure ethyl alcohol, while in other persons, death does not occur even after taking 600-800 g of this substance.

The lethal dose of alcohol for a person is 7g per 1kg of body weight. If a person weighs 70 kg, then this is about 500 g of pure alcohol, for children - 3 g per 1 kg of body weight, for teenagers - 4–5 g per 1 kg of body weight (about 0.5 liters of vodka).

A glass of vodka (1.5-2 g per 1 kg of body weight) is lethal for a child.

Slide number 30. Penetrating into the body, alcohol greedily absorbs water from the tissues, negatively affects the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, the renal and hepatic epithelium, causing their irritation and inflammation. Alcohol also leads to peptic ulcers and dilation of the stomach.

Slide number 31. The following experiment will help us learn about the effect of alcohol on protein molecules.

3 EXPERIENCE “The effect of ethanol on protein molecules».

Target: find out how alcohol affects the structure and properties of protein.

Progress of the experiment: Pour 1 ml of egg white into two test tubes. Add 3 ml of water to one, and the same amount of alcohol (80 - 90%) to the other.

Observation and Conclusion: In the first test tube, the protein dissolves, since it is an easily soluble protein and is well absorbed by the body. In the second test tube, a dense white precipitate forms - proteins do not dissolve in alcohol, alcohol takes away water from proteins. As a result, the structure and properties of the protein and its functions are disrupted.

Question for students: What happens to the cells of the body when high concentrations of alcohol enter?

Answer. Ethyl alcohol molecules can easily cross biological membranes due to their small size, weak polarization, the formation of hydrogen bonds with water molecules, and the good solubility of alcohol in fats. Cell proteins begin to break down, which leads to disruption of the functioning of all organ cells. (Students record their observation and conclusion independently.)

Slide number 32. And since a living organism consists of proteins, we can draw the following conclusions:

a) The effect of alcohol on cell membranes is destruction.

b) The effect of alcohol on enzymes (destruction)

c) Contact of alcohol with red blood cells causes blood cells to clot.

d) Why does alcohol have disinfectant properties?

Slide number 33.

Burning the mucous membrane of the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus, it enters the gastrointestinal tract. Unlike many other substances, alcohol is quickly and completely absorbed in the stomach. Easily crossing biological membranes, after about an hour it reaches its maximum concentration in the blood.

There is not a single organ in the human body that is not destroyed by alcohol. But the most powerful changes, and first of all, occur in the human brain. It is there that this poison tends to accumulate. After drinking a mug of beer, a glass of wine, 100 grams of vodka, the alcohol contained in them is absorbed into the blood, goes with the bloodstream to the brain, and the person begins the process of intensive destruction of the cerebral cortex.

The path taken by alcohols in the body:

100 g of beer kills 3000 neurons,

100 g of wine kills 500 neurons,

100 g of vodka kills 7500 neurons.

Alcohol entered the human body. What happens to this substance? About 90% of it is retained in the liver, where enzymes convert it into the more toxic acetaldehyde and acetic acid. The effect of acetaldehyde on the body is deafening, accompanied by vomiting and dizziness. Morning fumes are the smell of acetaldehyde. However, acetaldehyde in very small quantities ism is still necessary. It is important for cellular respiration. There is a small amount of alcohol in the blood of a healthy person - 0.002%. Therefore, ingestion of an additional small amount of alcohol leads to a state of elation and euphoria. The absorption of oxygen is facilitated, the cell breathes easily and well. But when more alcohol is ingested, the cell loses control, anesthesia sets in, and the person gets drunk. Cells begin to desperately fight excess acetaldehyde, oxidizing it to acetic acid. Naturally, its own aldehyde is not synthesized. The cell removes all the aldehyde, but at the same time cellular respiration becomes more difficult. This is why a person wakes up with a headache, tired and overwhelmed. This condition is called a hangover. You can get out of it with a very small dose of alcohol - return the natural level of acetaldehyde.

Let's imagine a person who constantly drinks alcohol. The cell stops synthesizing its acetaldehyde. Now a person depends on the supply of alcohol from the outside. There is no alcohol - every cell begins to suffocate. This disease is called alcoholism. Alcohol is a drug, it enters the metabolism and becomes vitally necessary for a person.

A rat, for example, was turned into an alcoholic in 6 weeks. Instead of a drinking bowl with drinking water, a drinking bowl with a 5% solution of ethyl alcohol was placed in her cage. After 6 weeks, a drinking bowl with clean water was placed in the cage. The rat no longer looked at the water.

Answer the question, why do those who have “slightly” had too much alcohol remember nothing the next morning?

Answer: because first of all, brain cells responsible for memory die, irreversible death of neurons occurs as a result of thrombosis and micro-strokes in the cerebral cortex, this leads to the loss of some information and impairment of short-term memory.

Slide number 34-35. Since alcohol dissolves easily in water, it is immediately absorbed and carried by the blood throughout the body. We will also consider the processes occurring with the standard in the liver. The liver neutralizes toxic substances entering the blood. Doctors call this organ a target for alcohol, because. 90% of ethanol is neutralized in it. Chemical processes of ethyl alcohol oxidation occur in the liver.

Working with the class. We recall with students the stages of the alcohol oxidation process:

"Metabolism of ethanol in liver cells."

Ethyl alcohol is oxidized to final decomposition products if the daily consumption of ethanol does not exceed 20 g. If the dose is exceeded, then intermediate decomposition products accumulate in the body. This leads to a number of negative side effects:

Increased formation of fat and its accumulation in liver cells;

The accumulation of peroxide compounds that can destroy cell membranes, resulting in the contents of cells leaking out through the formed pores;

Undesirable phenomena, the totality of which leads to liver destruction - cirrhosis.

Acetaldehyde is 30 times more toxic than ethyl alcohol. In addition, as a result of various biochemical reactions in tissues and organs, including the brain, the formation of tetrahydropapaveroline is possible, the structure and properties of which resemble well-known psychotropic drugs - morphine and cannabinol. Doctors have proven that it is acetaldehyde that causes mutations and various deformities in embryos. Acetic acid enhances the synthesis of fatty acids and leads to fatty degeneration of the liver.

Slide number 36. Consuming more than 20-40 grams of alcohol in the liver, with the help of enzymes, it turns into acetaldehyde, which is 30 times more toxic than alcohol itself. The effect of the latter on the body is deafening, accompanied by vomiting, dizziness - the acid-base balance in the body is disturbed. Let's do a simple experiment and verify the ability of alcohol to transform into acetaldehyde, which is easily recognized by its smell: in low concentrations it has a pleasant smell - the smell of rotten apples.

Slide number 37. So, get started

EXPERIMENT 4. Oxidation of alcohol.

Goal of the work: prove that alcohol is oxidized to an aldehyde.

Equipment and reagents: 1 test tube, ethyl alcohol, alcohol lamp, copper wire.

Progress: Heat a spiral of copper wire in the flame of an alcohol lamp until a black coating (copper oxide II) appears and lower it into a test tube with alcohol. Repeat 2-3 times.

Conclusion: Reduction of copper and oxidation of alcohol to aldehyde occurs

C 2 H 5 OH + CuO → CH 3 CHO + Cu + H 2 O

Slide number 38. An alcohol metabolite, aldehyde, causes liver damage and cirrhosis. Doctors have proven that the occurrence of mutations and deformities in embryos is caused by acetaldehyde.

I would like to quote the words of the great ancient physician Avicenna: “Wine is the enemy of the drunkard, but it is the friend of the moderate. A little bit of it is an antidote, in large quantities it’s poison! It is permitted to the wise and forbidden to the fools.” But neither smart nor fool - no one can predict when, after what glass, at what fateful moment the body's cells include alcohol in their metabolic processes and from then on they can no longer do without it. It depends on age, weight, gender, individual sensitivity, specific work and other factors.

Slide number 39. Now, at almost every step, you can meet people drinking the now fashionable beer. There is as much alcohol in 1 liter of beer as in 100 g of vodka. There are many cases where a person becomes an alcoholic by drinking a harmless glass of beer. Doctors even have the term “beer alcoholism.” At first, general obesity gradually develops, which is figuratively noted among the people: “whoever drinks more beer has a thicker belly,” then “heart obesity” sets in. A “beer” heart is unable to withstand even minor physical exertion.

Slide number 40. Alcohol causes profound changes in the sexual sphere, up to the development of impotence; there is a high probability of infertility, especially if you start taking it during puberty, because the number (up to 65%) of immobile sperm, incapable of fertilization, increases.

Slide No. 41-44. If a child was conceived by drunken parents, and also if the mother took alcohol during fetal development, this can lead to the birth of weakened children with deformities. Sometimes a single intoxication is enough for conception to be pathological.

That is why, according to the laws of Ancient Greece, a drunken husband was strictly forbidden to get together with his wife. A law was also passed there prohibiting newlyweds from drinking wine on their wedding day. Fetal alcohol syndrome: developmental delay, decreased head size, typical face with a short upturned nose, narrow, slanted eyes, there may be congenital defects of the upper lip, palate (cleft lip), extra fingers and other defects. Drinking alcohol is most dangerous in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy.

If a breastfeeding mother drinks alcohol, then the children of such mothers are restless, nervous - “breast alcoholics” - usually frail and mentally retarded. The worst thing is that such children are potential drunkards and alcoholics.

The social harm of drunkenness is well known. In Ancient India, drunkenness was punished with boiling water, molten silver, and lead. In ancient Rome, it was allowed to kill wives who abused alcohol with impunity.

CONCLUSION: Alcohol has a catastrophic effect on offspring. Firstly, there is a high probability of infertility, especially if you use it during puberty. According to the laws of Ancient Greece, sexual intercourse was strictly prohibited for a drunken husband. There, the law prohibited newlyweds from drinking wine on their wedding day. Reason: even slight intoxication of parents at the time of conception leads to the birth of weakened children, children with congenital deformities. Fetal alcohol syndrome: developmental delay, decreased head size, typical face with a short upturned nose, narrow, slanted eyes, there may be congenital defects of the upper lip, palate (cleft lip), extra fingers and other defects. Drinking alcohol is most dangerous in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy.

SOCIOLOGIST Alcohol is to blame for the existence of 100 million mentally retarded people in the world. The following fact is known: according to observations of children of 215 families where parents abused alcohol, it was found that:

35 children were born premature

16 – stillborn

38 – lagged behind their peers in terms of development rates

55 – subsequently fell ill with tuberculosis (weakened body)

145 had various mental disorders.

According to the Voronezh Narcological Dispensary, they have more than 17 thousand people registered with them, 0.8% of whom are teenagers. These are chronic alcoholics.

According to statistics, even moderate doses of alcohol reduce labor productivity by 30%.

Slide number 46. The 11th-century Arab scholar Abul Faraj wrote: “Wine imparts to everyone who drinks it four qualities: first - a peacock, then a monkey, then a lion, and finally - a pig.

More than half of the crimes are committed while drunk, including 2/3 of murders and grievous bodily harm, the same number of robberies and robberies, and almost all hooligan offenses. In most cases, alcohol consumption is associated with injuries and production defects, absenteeism and other violations of labor discipline.

Slide number 47. Let's listen to S. Mikhalkov's fable “The Drunk Hare” ( ), and then answer the question:

What are behavioral effects of alcohol on the body?

What are the names of substances that affect the psyche?

What is a drug? What is its danger?

Students form the conclusion: alcohol is a psychotropic substance and has narcotic properties.

Slide number 48-49. Reference: Alcohol is drug No. 1. Russia produces 8.5 liters of 100% alcohol per capita per year. Legal drug. The trading network is the best in the world. The great patron is the state.

Medic. 6-8 g of alcohol per 1 kg of adult weight is a lethal dose. A glass of vodka is lethal for a child. With systematic alcohol consumption, irreversible damage occurs. Alcohol affects all human organs. The brain suffers: nervous tissue degenerates, red blood cells stick together in clusters, which leads to blockage of blood vessels and hemorrhage (stroke). The liver suffers: active cells die, being replaced by fat cells (cirrhosis). Alcohol irritates the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, kidney and liver epithelium. Consequence: gastritis, ulcer, stomach cancer. The muscle fibers of the heart degenerate into connective tissue, the heart rhythm changes, and hypertension (high blood pressure) develops.

And count the calories in a bottle of vodka! 1 g of alcohol – 7 kcal. A bottle of vodka contains 1400 kcal. This is where alcoholics get cirrhosis - fatty degeneration of liver cells.

Consolidation.

Slide number 50. Fill out the table: “Toxic effects of ethyl alcohol on various levels of organization of living matter.”

Guys! Now we will give you a quiz on the homework from the last lesson. Answer the following questions:

1. Why does a drunk person freeze in the cold faster than a sober person? (Alcohol dilates blood vessels and increases heat transfer).

2. What changes occur in the human body under the influence of alcohol? (Attention and performance decrease, hearing, vision, will and reflexes are weakened).

3. How do the laws of different countries reflect the problem of combating alcoholism? (In Switzerland, the retail sale of alcohol is limited. In Muslim countries - Libya, Iran, Pakistan - the punishment for transporting, manufacturing, selling alcohol is up to 100 lashes. In Russia, commercial enterprises selling vodka to persons under 21 years of age are deprived of their license).

Homework.

Slide number 51. Find information about the use and importance of alcohol in human life.
You can use the site addresses written on the instructional maps.

http://school-collection.edu.ru/

http://lifelib.ru/articles/

http://nauka.relis.ru/

Summing up the lesson.

Slide number 52. People wish each other, first of all, health, and then success, luck, and family well-being will be nearby. You don't have to drink to your health.

At the festive table, remember that “drunkenness is an exercise in madness, and alcoholism is a terrible, serious illness.” And then, you will not cross this line, beyond which there is grief, tears of our loved ones, people who love us, who need us.

Reflection.

The negative effects of alcohol are not limited to the human body, this problem is social in nature and it is impossible to generalize all aspects of the problem in one lesson. To create a good mood, it is better to use simple but very effective means. Scientists have found that in order to live long in the world, you need to smile for at least 17 minutes every day. We wish you that your good mood never leaves you, and that you have more happy moments in life.

A man is born

To create, to dare - and nothing else,

To leave a good mark in life

And solve all the difficult problems.

A person is born...

For what? Look for your answer!

Fill out reflection sheets. ( ).

List of used literature

www.alkogoliki.com.ua

www.schools.mari-ei.ru

www.xumuk.ru/encyklopedia

Artamonova I.G., Sagaidachnaya V.V. Practical work with the study of medicines and household chemicals. //Chemistry at school. – 2002. - No. 9. – P.73 – 76.

Vetrov N.I. If only I knew the law. – M., 1986.

Gabrielyan O.S., Ostroumov I.G. Teacher's handbook. Chemistry, 10th grade. – M.: Bustard, 2004. – 479 p.

Zverev I.D. A book for reading on human anatomy, physiology and hygiene. – M.: Education, 1983. – 215 p.

Ignatieva S.Yu. Prevention of alcoholism: integrated lesson in 10th grade. //Chemistry at school. – 2003. - No. 1. – P.32 – 35.

Kolesov D.V. Prevention of bad habits among schoolchildren. – M., 1984.

Kopyt N.Ya., Skvortsova E.S. Alcohol and teenagers. – M., 1984.

Maleeva V.F. From the experience of conducting general lessons. //Chemistry at school. – 2006. - No. 1. – P.25 – 30.

Radetsky A.M. Practical work in extracurricular activities. //Chemistry at school. – 2004. - No. 5. – P.65 – 68.

Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

Filinova I.P. General lesson on the topic “Alcohols and phenols.” //Chemistry at school. – 2003. - No. 8. – P.34 – 38.

The harmful effects of alcohol on the human body are difficult to overestimate. Which organ or system does not suffer from its negative effects?

Excessive and prolonged abuse of alcoholic beverages leads to intoxication of the body and the formation of alcohol dependence, accompanied by serious negative consequences. As a rule, this process occurs unnoticed by the addict and his relatives.

Effect of alcohol

Absorption of ethanol into the walls of the stomach (a couple of minutes after consumption).

• Increased blood flow and dilation of blood vessels, unimpeded passage of blood.
• Decreased pressure.
• Blood does not flow to the extremities and they do not receive oxygen.

Next, vasoconstriction occurs, putting the body in a state of shock. Long-term systematic consumption of alcohol and similar processes affect the functioning of the body and lead to wear and tear of the heart and blood vessels.

As a result, pressure increases, tachycardia develops, the heart begins to work in an increased mode, causing the vessels to be supplied with an abundant mass of blood. In this case, muscle wear becomes inevitable, and the production of adrenaline when drinking alcohol only enhances the negative effect.

Alcohol consumption also causes red blood cells to clump together and lose their membrane, which causes thick blood cells to clog the capillaries. The result is oxygen starvation of cells and fouling of blood vessels with a fatty layer.

One hundred grams of alcohol kills about 10 thousand neurons that support the thought process. This phenomenon does not occur without consequences for the body: as a result, the human brain loses mass and volume due to desiccation.

Then the person becomes inadequate, loses the sense of shame, and degradation occurs. Memory and thought process, coordination of movements deteriorate, and reflex arc disorders are formed. Brain damage eventually results in mental problems.

The effect of alcohol on the cardiovascular system

There is an opinion that drinking alcoholic beverages in moderate doses leads to a decrease in blood pressure, dilates blood vessels and relieves stress. This is wrong.

According to research, ethanol is a poison, a toxic substance that cannot benefit health in any way and has a detrimental effect on all body systems. The effect of intoxication occurs due to the suppression of human health.

The vasodilation itself does not last long. Then the vessels narrow again, causing redness of the skin of the face and increased heart rate due to wear and tear of the organ.

According to statistics, the highest mortality rate from heart and vascular diseases is observed in people who abuse alcohol.

The effect of alcohol on the digestive system

What is the mechanism of alcohol's effect on the digestive system? The main part of alcoholic drinks is absorbed through the stomach, so the harmful consequences do not pass by this organ.

Alcohol has a negative effect on the digestive system: when absorbed into the walls of the stomach, it burns and injures them, causing inflammation, heartburn and the development of chronic diseases in the body. There is a disruption in the production of gastric juice, salt, and catalysts. The glands that produce protein catalysts for the normal digestive process gradually die off.

Pancreatitis often develops, because The pancreas does not have the necessary enzymes to break down alcohol. Alcohol also affects the mucous membrane: causing gastritis, gastric ulcers, diabetes, and cancer.

About 90% of alcohol is broken down in the liver. It can break down about 1 glass of alcohol in 10 hours, and the rest of the alcohol that enters the body destroys cells.

The liver suffers primarily from:

• Obesity.
• Hepatitis A.
• Cirrhosis.

If alcohol consumption is not stopped in case of liver cirrhosis, the disease will develop into cancer.

Effect on the kidneys

The kidneys not only produce and excrete urine. They balance the acid-base and water balance and influence the production of hormones.

What kidney problems does alcohol cause?

When a person drinks alcohol, the excretory system begins to work in enhanced mode. The kidneys circulate a lot of fluid and remove harmful substances from the body.

Constant overload weakens renal functionality - they gradually lose the ability to work hard. The effect of alcoholic drinks on the kidneys can be seen after the holiday by a swollen face and increased blood pressure.

The body also accumulates fluid that the kidneys are unable to remove, resulting in the formation of stones. In the absence of timely treatment, renal failure develops. The organ loses the ability to form and excrete urine. Severe intoxication occurs and, as a consequence, death.

The effect of alcohol on reproductive function

Drinking alcohol also negatively affects human reproductive function. Cell damage in women is irreversible: they remain in the system and pose a danger to the fetus. A fertilized cell damaged by alcohol increases the risk of serious disorders, development and occurrence of genetic diseases, i.e. has a negative effect on the fetus. No one guarantees that the diseased cell will be fertilized, but no one is immune from sad situations.

The male body is built differently and has the ability to update reproduction. However, in order to completely restore the composition of sperm, it should take about 3-6 months. If no alcohol was consumed during this time, the sperm are completely renewed.

Also, in addition to the reproductive cells, the entire system suffers: there is a decrease in libido and a deterioration in the quality of organ function, which affects the entire body as a whole.

The effect of alcohol also causes hormonal mutations (hormones break down due to toxins, incorrect production occurs). Over time, a woman’s body begins to suffer from an excess of male hormones (testosterone), and of men – female hormones (estrogen). The appearance and character change, mental disorders occur and impotence develops.

The effect of alcohol on the respiratory system

Some time after drinking alcohol, many people experience bad breath and heavy breathing. This is due to the fact that part of the ethanol is excreted from the body through the lungs.

Alcohol (especially strong alcohol - cognac, vodka) that enters the body dries out the bronchi, the lung surface, and causes a lack of oxygen. Patients experience shortness of breath and attacks of suffocation. Associated chronic diseases appear.

The consequences of drinking alcohol on the human body

Each stage of addiction has certain symptoms and distinctive features. There are 4 of them in total.

The initial stage of alcoholism

This stage is characterized by a gradual increase in the consumed dose of alcohol, the formation of dependence and the influence of alcohol on a psychological level.

Symptoms:

• Pathological desire to drink alcohol, inability to control oneself or see a problem, positive attitude towards alcohol.
• Swaggering and inappropriate behavior, inconsistency.
• Memory impairment, increased irritability and aggression.
• No hangover, feeling unwell in the morning.
• Condemnation in a sober state of other addicts, the ability to realize the harmful effects of alcohol.
• Development of alcoholic thinking, defending the right to alcohol and temporarily reducing the dose of alcohol.

Second stage of alcoholism

There is a desire to increase the dose of alcohol. Addiction develops at the physical level, i.e. The influence of alcohol is so significant that the body cannot function normally without alcohol. The volume of strong alcohol consumed per day is approximately 500 ml.

Symptoms:

• The appearance of a hangover syndrome (the body's message about the formation of addiction), which lasts from 1 to 5 days - the patient experiences an irresistible desire to drink alcohol in the morning. If the patient does not receive alcohol during this period, autonomic disorders appear in the form of thirst, dry mouth, increased anxiety, loss of appetite, and lack of sleep.
• Mental disorders (memory disorders, depression, extreme egoism, individualism).

Third stage of alcoholism

Destruction at the physical and psycho-emotional level, the formation of dementia.

Symptoms:

• An enlarged abdomen in an alcoholic as a result of cirrhosis or weight loss.
• Impaired speech and thinking activity, dementia.

Teenage alcoholism

The negative effect on organs is characterized by rapid development due to the rapid absorption of ethanol into the blood.




Developing alcoholism in adolescents is more difficult to identify, and binge drinking is usually absent.

Often the disease develops in conjunction with drug addiction and substance abuse.

Symptoms:

• Increased tolerance to ethyl alcohol.
• Mild hangover syndrome.
• Memory impairment.
• Staying in a state of euphoria, increased desire to talk.
• Formation of chronic diseases.
• Depressive thinking, intellectual disorders.
• Disadaptation in society.

Alcoholism in women

The course of the disease in women is more rapid due to reduced tolerance to ethyl alcohol.

Briefly about the symptoms:

• Lack of gag reflex or control over the amount of alcohol consumed.
• Unflattering appearance.
• Trembling in hands.
• Emotional imbalance.
• Disorders of the digestive system.
• Mental disorders (memory impairment, depression, extreme egoism, individualism, delirium delirium).

As you already understand, drinking alcohol accelerates the development of irreversible consequences and leads to a malfunction of all internal organs and systems, however, if you stop drinking it in a timely manner, it is possible to restore cells and stop the destruction of internal organs. Take care of your health!

Alcohol abuse is a pressing problem of modern society, which gives rise to crimes, accidents, injuries and poisoning in all segments of the population. Alcohol addiction is especially difficult to perceive when it concerns the most promising part of society - students. The mortality rate of the working-age population due to the use of alcoholic beverages ranks high. Scientists estimate alcoholism as a collective suicide of the nation. Addiction to alcohol, like cancer, destroys the personality of an individual and society as a whole from within.

How does alcohol affect the human body? Let's look at the effect of alcoholic drinks on all organs and find out how alcohol affects the brain, liver, kidneys, heart and blood vessels, nervous system, as well as men's and women's health.

Effect of alcohol on the brain

All organs suffer from the negative effects of alcoholic beverages. But most of all it goes to neurons - brain cells. People know how alcohol affects the brain from the feeling of euphoria, high spirits and relaxation.

However, at the physiological level, at this time, destruction of cells of the cerebral cortex occurs even after small doses of ethanol.

1. Normally, the blood supply to the brain occurs through thin capillaries.
2. When alcohol enters the blood, blood vessels narrow and red blood cells stick together, forming blood clots. They clog the lumen of the brain capillaries. In this case, the nerve cells experience oxygen starvation and die. At the same time, a person feels euphoria, without even suspecting the destructive changes in the cerebral cortex.
3. Capillaries from congestion swell and burst.
4. After drinking 100 g of vodka, a glass of wine or a mug of beer, 8 thousand nerve cells die forever. Unlike liver cells, which can regenerate after alcohol withdrawal, nerve cells in the brain do not.
5. Dead neurons are excreted in urine the next day.

Thus, under the influence of alcohol on blood vessels, an obstacle to normal blood circulation in the brain is created. This is the cause of the development of alcoholic encephalopathy and epilepsy.

A postmortem autopsy of the skull of alcohol abusers naturally reveals destructive pathological changes in their brain:

• reducing its size;
• smoothing of convolutions;
• the formation of voids in place of dead areas;
• foci of pinpoint hemorrhages;
• the presence of serous fluid in the cavities of the brain.

With long-term abuse, alcohol affects the structure of the brain. Ulcers and scars form on its surface. Under a magnifying glass, the brain of an alcoholic looks like the lunar surface, pockmarked with craters and craters.

The effect of alcohol on the nervous system

The human brain is a kind of control panel for the entire body. Its cortex contains centers for memory, reading, movement of body parts, smell, and vision. Poor circulation and cell death of any center are accompanied by shutdown or weakening of brain functions. This is accompanied by a decrease in a person’s cognitive (cognitive) abilities.

The influence of alcohol on the human psyche is expressed in a decrease in intelligence and personality degradation:

• memory impairment;
• decreased IQ;
• hallucinations;
• loss of critical attitude towards oneself;
• immoral behavior;
• incoherent speech.

Under the influence of alcohol on the nervous system, a person’s behavioral reactions change. He loses his modesty and restraint. He does things that he wouldn't do in his right mind. Stops being critical of your emotions. He experiences unmotivated attacks of rage and anger. A person’s personality degrades in direct proportion to the amount and duration of alcohol consumption.

Gradually a person loses interest in life. His creative and labor potential is declining. All this negatively affects career growth and social status.

Alcoholic polyneuritis of the lower extremities develops after prolonged use of ethyl alcohol. Its cause is inflammation of the nerve endings. It is associated with an acute deficiency of B vitamins in the body. The disease is manifested by a feeling of severe weakness in the lower extremities, numbness, and pain in the calves. Ethanol affects both muscles and nerve endings - it causes atrophy of the entire muscular system, which ends in neuritis and paralysis.

The effect of alcohol on the cardiovascular system

The effect of alcohol on the heart is such that it works under load for 5–7 hours. While drinking strong drinks, your heart rate increases and your blood pressure rises. Full heart function is restored only after 2-3 days, when the body is finally cleansed.

After alcohol enters the blood, a change occurs in the red blood cells - they are deformed due to membrane rupture, stick together, forming blood clots. As a result, blood flow in the coronary vessels is disrupted. The heart, trying to push blood through, increases in size.

The effects of alcohol on the heart when abused include the following diseases.

1. Myocardial dystrophy. In place of cells killed as a result of hypoxia, connective tissue develops, which impairs the contractility of the heart muscle.
2. Cardiomyopathy is a typical consequence that develops over 10 years of alcohol abuse. It most often affects men.
3. Heart arythmy.
4. Coronary heart disease - angina pectoris. After drinking alcohol, the release of adrenaline and norepinephrine in the blood increases, which increases oxygen consumption by the heart muscle. Therefore, any dose can cause coronary insufficiency.
5. The risk of developing myocardial infarction in heavy drinkers is higher than in healthy individuals, regardless of the condition of the coronary vessels of the heart. Alcohol increases blood pressure, which causes heart attack and premature death.

Alcoholic cardiomyopathy is characterized by hypertrophy (enlargement) of the ventricles of the heart.

The symptoms of alcoholic cardiomyopathy are as follows:

• dyspnea;
• a cough, often at night, that people associate with a cold;
• fast fatiguability;
• pain in the heart area.

Progression of cardiomyopathy leads to heart failure. Shortness of breath is accompanied by swelling of the legs, enlarged liver, and cardiac arrhythmia. When people have heart pain, subendocardial myocardial ischemia is often detected. Drinking alcohol also causes hypoxia - oxygen starvation of the heart muscle. Since alcohol leaves the body over several days, myocardial ischemia persists throughout this time.

Important! If your heart hurts the next day after drinking alcohol, you need to get a cardiogram and consult a cardiologist.

Alcoholic drinks affect heart rate. After heavy drinking of alcohol, various types of arrhythmias often develop:

• paroxysmal atrial tachycardia;
• frequent atrial or ventricular extrasystole;
• atrial flutter;
• ventricular fibrillation, which requires anti-shock treatment measures (often fatal).

The presence of this kind of arrhythmias after taking large doses of alcohol is called “holiday” heart. Heart rhythm disturbances, especially ventricular arrhythmias, are often fatal. Arrhythmias can be regarded as signs of cardiomyopathy.

The effect of alcohol on the human cardiovascular system is a fact that has been scientifically established and substantiated. The risk of these diseases is directly proportional to the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Alcohol and its breakdown product, acetaldehyde, have a direct cardiotoxic effect. In addition, it causes a deficiency of vitamins and proteins and increases blood lipids. During acute alcohol intoxication, myocardial contractility sharply decreases, which leads to a lack of blood in the heart muscle. Trying to compensate for oxygen deficiency, the heart increases contractions. In addition, during intoxication, the concentration of potassium in the blood decreases, which causes rhythm disturbances, the most dangerous of which is ventricular fibrillation.

The effect of alcohol on blood vessels

Does alcohol lower or increase blood pressure? - even 1-2 glasses of wine increases blood pressure, especially in people with hypertension. After drinking alcoholic beverages, the concentration of catecholamines - adrenaline and norepinephrine - increases in the blood plasma, which increase blood pressure. There is a concept called “dose-dependent effect”, which shows how alcohol affects blood pressure depending on its amount - systolic and diastolic pressure increases by 1 mmHg when ethanol increases by 8-10 grams per day. People who abuse alcohol have a 3-fold increased risk of hypertension compared to abstainers.

How does alcohol affect blood vessels? Let's figure out what happens to our blood vessels when drinking alcohol. The initial effect of alcoholic drinks on the vascular wall is dilating. But after this a spasm occurs. This leads to ischemia of the blood vessels of the brain and heart, leading to heart attack and stroke. Alcohol also has a toxic effect on the veins in such a way that the flow of blood through them is disrupted. This leads to varicose veins of the esophagus and lower extremities. People who abuse libations often experience bleeding from the veins of the esophagus, which ends in death. Does alcohol dilate or constrict blood vessels? - these are just stages of its sequential impact, both of which are destructive.

The main damaging effect of alcohol on blood vessels is related to how alcohol affects the blood. Under the influence of ethanol, red blood cells stick together. The resulting blood clots spread throughout the body, clogging narrow vessels. Moving through the capillaries, blood flow becomes significantly more difficult. This leads to disruption of blood supply to all organs, but the greatest danger is to the brain and heart. The body initiates a compensatory reaction - it increases blood pressure in order to push blood through. This leads to heart attack, hypertensive crisis, and stroke.

Effect on the liver

It's no secret how harmful alcohol affects the liver. The stage of ethyl alcohol release is much longer than absorption. Up to 10% of ethanol is released in pure form with saliva, sweat, urine, feces and during breathing. That is why after drinking alcohol a person has a specific smell of urine and “fumes” from the mouth. The remaining 90% of ethanol has to be broken down by the liver. Complex biochemical processes occur in it, one of which is the conversion of ethyl alcohol into acetaldehyde. But the liver can only break down about 1 glass of alcohol in 10 hours. Unsplit ethanol damages liver cells.

Alcohol affects the development of the following liver diseases.

1. Fatty liver. At this stage, fat in the form of globules accumulates in hepatocytes (liver cells). Over time, it sticks together, forming blisters and cysts in the area of ​​the portal vein, which interfere with the movement of blood from it.
2. At the next stage, alcoholic hepatitis develops - inflammation of its cells. At the same time, the liver increases in size. Fatigue, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea appear. At this stage, after stopping ethanol consumption, liver cells are still able to regenerate (recover). Continued use leads to a transition to the next stage.
3. Liver cirrhosis is a typical disease associated with alcohol abuse. At this stage, liver cells are replaced by connective tissue. The liver becomes covered with scars; when palpated, it is dense with an uneven surface. This stage is irreversible - dead cells cannot recover. But stopping alcohol consumption stops liver scarring. The remaining healthy cells perform limited functions.

If alcohol consumption does not stop at the stage of cirrhosis, the process progresses to the stage of cancer. A healthy liver can be maintained with moderate consumption.

The equivalent is a glass of beer or a glass of wine per day. And even with such dosages, you should not drink alcohol every day. It is necessary to allow alcohol to completely leave the body, and this takes 2-3 days.

Effect of alcohol on the kidneys

The function of the kidneys is not only the formation and excretion of urine. They take part in balancing the acid-base balance and water-electrolyte balance, and produce hormones.

How does alcohol affect the kidneys? - when consuming ethanol, they go into intensive operation mode. The renal pelvis is forced to pump a large volume of fluid, trying to remove substances harmful to the body. Constant overload weakens the functional ability of the kidneys - over time, they can no longer work constantly in an enhanced mode. The effect of alcohol on the kidneys can be seen after a festive feast by a swollen face and high blood pressure. Fluid accumulates in the body, which the kidneys are unable to remove.

In addition, toxins accumulate in the kidneys, then stones form. Over time, nephritis develops. Moreover, after drinking alcohol, it happens that the kidneys hurt, the temperature rises, and protein appears in the urine. The progression of the disease is accompanied by the accumulation of toxins in the blood, which the liver is no longer able to neutralize and the kidneys to remove.

Lack of treatment leads to the development of renal failure. In this case, the kidneys cannot form and excrete urine. Poisoning of the body with toxins begins - general intoxication with a fatal outcome.

How does alcohol affect the pancreas?

The function of the pancreas is to secrete enzymes into the small intestine to digest food. How does alcohol affect the pancreas? - under its influence, its ducts are clogged, as a result of which enzymes do not enter the intestines, but inside it. Moreover, these substances destroy gland cells. In addition, they affect metabolic processes involving insulin. Therefore, if you abuse alcohol, diabetes can develop.

When subjected to decomposition, enzymes and breakdown products cause inflammation of the gland - pancreatitis. It manifests itself in the fact that after drinking alcohol the pancreas hurts, vomiting appears and the temperature rises. Pain in the lumbar region is girdling in nature. Alcohol abuse affects the development of chronic inflammation, which is a risk factor for breast cancer.

The effect of alcohol on the female and male body

Alcohol affects a woman's body to a greater extent than a man's. In women, the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase, which breaks down alcohol, is found in lower concentrations than in men, so they get drunk faster. The same factor influences the formation of alcohol dependence in women faster than in men.

Even after consuming small doses, women's organs undergo great changes. Under the influence of alcohol on a woman’s body, reproductive function is primarily affected. Ethanol disrupts the monthly cycle and negatively affects reproductive cells and conception. Drinking alcohol accelerates the onset of menopause. In addition, alcohol increases the risk of cancer of the breast and other organs. With age, the negative effect of alcohol on the female body increases because its elimination from the body slows down.

Alcohol negatively affects important brain structures - the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The consequence of this is its negative impact on the male body - the production of sex hormones decreases, which is why potency decreases. As a result, family relationships collapse.

Alcohol negatively affects all organs. It has the fastest and most dangerous effect on the brain and heart. Ethanol increases blood pressure, thickens the blood, and disrupts blood circulation in the brain and coronary vessels. Thus, it provokes a heart attack, stroke, and hypertensive crisis. With long-term use, irreversible diseases of the heart and brain develop - alcoholic cardiomyopathy, encephalopathy. The most important organs designed to remove toxins from the body - the liver and kidneys - suffer. The pancreas is damaged and digestion is disrupted. But stopping alcohol intake early in illness can restore cells and stop organ destruction.