HIV infection through blood: how much does it take to become infected, what is the probability? Infection Whether infection.

During the incubation period, influenza can be contagious during the last day or the last few hours before the patient develops symptoms. It is at the end of the incubation period that you can become infected with the flu from a sick person.

During the incubation period, the infection develops and spreads in the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. At this time, viral particles are not released with mucus at all, or their quantity is very small; they are not released into the air and cannot infect other people.

At a certain point, the virus affects a significant part of the respiratory tract, and a large number of viral particles enter the mucus produced and are released into the environment. It is at this stage that it is already possible to infect others, but it is at this time that the infection causes the first symptoms of intoxication - fever, headache, malaise. That is, in fact, the period when you can become infected with the flu from a patient approximately coincides with the end of the incubation period, but it can begin earlier. It depends on the condition of the patient’s body and the type of flu. The time frame for the development of H1N1 swine flu in a patient is shown below:

That is, in the most general case, the patient becomes contagious the day before he begins to show signs of illness and feels them himself.

How to determine whether a patient is contagious during the incubation period or not?

There is no absolutely precise mark at which the incubation period of influenza ends, or the stage at which infection is possible begins. In some patients, the onset of the period of contagiousness coincides with the first symptoms - headache, malaise. For others, the disease begins when they have been spreading the infection for almost a day. It is impossible to clearly determine that a person is contagious before the onset of illness.

On a note

In medicine there are two terms: “incubation period” and “latent period”. The first is the period of time from infection to the appearance of the first symptoms. The second is the time from infection until the infection begins to spread. If the latent period is shorter than the incubation period, you can become infected from a person even at the incubation stage. For swine flu, it has been shown that its latent period in most cases is shorter than the incubation period, and a patient with it can be contagious before the first symptoms appear.

In addition, much here depends on the contact with the person and on the patient himself. In the last hours before the onset of the disease, you can become infected through very close contact (for example, having sex), while infection on the street from such a patient through simple communication will not occur. The likelihood of infection is also influenced by the infectious dose and the health status of the infected person. Children become infected with influenza more easily; people with weakened immune systems can also become infected from someone with influenza during the incubation period. At the same time, a healthy adult may not get sick after contact with such a patient.

It is important to remember that a characteristic feature of influenza is the absence of nasal discharge and cough in the early stages, which distinguishes influenza from other acute respiratory viral infections and complicates the spread of infection at an early stage. That is, actually getting infected with the flu even with obvious symptoms of intoxication, but before a runny nose and cough appears, is more difficult than other respiratory infections. And it is even more difficult to become infected during the incubation period.

Is it possible to communicate with a person who may have the influenza in the incubation stage?

You can communicate with a person who has recently been in contact with someone with the flu, but in compliance with safety measures - at a distance, on the street or in a well-ventilated area. In any case, on the first day after such contact, even an infected person will not pose a danger, and if the disease does not develop in him after a week, it will be possible to say that the infection did not occur.

Simply put, it is advisable not to communicate with a person who has had contact with someone with the flu from the second day after contact until the seventh. Particular care must be taken to limit his communication with children.

In fact, most often infection occurs during the recovery period after an illness.

If a person begins to show, albeit very weak, signs of illness - a sore throat, malaise - contact with him should be stopped.

Continuing the topic:

Video: How to properly fight the flu and how to protect yourself from it?

Content

As soon as the first symptoms of blood poisoning are noticed in a person or there is a suspicion of what could be the cause, you should immediately consult a doctor to receive competent treatment recommendations and avoid dire consequences. Self-medication in such situations may not be safe and will likely only make the problem worse. Being attentive to your body is very important, especially if you do not exclude the possibility of infection.

What is blood poisoning

Many adult illnesses are no different in severity from the same illnesses in a child. Often, a younger body, on the contrary, is able to persistently fight the problem. Blood poisoning or sepsis is a reaction to microorganisms and infections entering the bloodstream. Regardless of the patient’s age, this condition is considered severe and in advanced cases can be fatal.

According to the international classification of diseases, sepsis is indicated under two codes at once - A40 and A41, which implies streptococcal and other septicemia. The name for bacterial infection was not chosen by chance, because the causative agents are mostly streptococci. In other cases, the blood may be contaminated with microorganisms such as E. coli, staphylococci and pneumococci.

Symptoms

Due to the differences in the forms of blood sepsis, it does not have any definitive symptoms. The course of infection can be rapid and, without allowing the patient to come to his senses, lead to disastrous consequences. Often the disease drags on for 5-7 days, during which its presence can be identified by its characteristic features and consult a doctor. Symptoms of human blood infection or sepsis may include:

• the appearance of herpes on the lips;
• sudden development of skin hyperpigmentation or pallor;
• the appearance of purulent inflammation on the body;
• breathing problems;
• unstable psycho-emotional state, apathy;
• depressions on the face in the cheek area.

The first signs of blood poisoning

Lightning-fast deterioration in health with asymptomatic progression is observed only in a number of diseases, to which blood sepsis may relate. If you suspect a possible infection, then listen to your own body - it will let you know whether there is cause for concern or not. As a rule, significant changes during infection occur in the first days. Signs of infection may include the following:

• increase or decrease in temperature, chills;
• increased sweating;
• intestinal disorders;
• redness of the skin, spots on the body;
• loss of consciousness.

Causes

Knowing about a possible danger, a person subconsciously tries to avoid it. When it comes to diseases, it makes sense to remember the main causes of their occurrence. It is impossible to protect yourself from everything in the world, but it is possible to protect yourself from the possibility of infection caused by an infection in the blood. The causative agents are various microorganisms: staphylococci, streptococci and others. When they enter the blood, especially against the background of decreased immunity, they lead to dire consequences. Among the causes of infection are the following:

• congenital or acquired defects of the immune system;
• drug use;
• non-compliance with hygiene rules in hospitals and beauty salons;
• performing an abortion in an inappropriate manner;
• infection in the blood due to radiation and other therapies that suppress the immune system;
• complications from wounds, cuts and burns.

How does blood poisoning occur?

Signs of blood sepsis can appear in a completely healthy person, but in patients with reduced immunity, the risk of getting sick increases significantly. Being a systemic inflammatory response syndrome of the body, infection can be obtained as follows:

• During the operation. When using unsterile instruments, doctors can introduce an infection into the bloodstream through open wounds, which will multiply if the immune system is weak.
• During the treatment and removal of teeth. Microorganisms easily penetrate through an open channel into the blood if sterility is not maintained.
• For cuts. A cut received at home or in a salon, for example, when processing nails, is a “gateway” for infection.

Blood poisoning from a tooth

Not many people add visiting the dentist to their annual to-do list. In this regard, situations arise when it is not possible to help a diseased tooth and removal is the only way to get rid of painful sensations. Odontogenic blood sepsis is one of the possible consequences of such a decision. Infection occurs at the junctions between the hard part of the tooth and the gum. Due to difficulties in diagnosis, this disease is considered very dangerous, and it takes a long time to treat. However, even after the disease, immunity is not developed, which threatens relapse.

Kinds

The classifications of infections are very extensive and are divided into categories with a different number of items. The two largest groups are cryptogenic blood sepsis and secondary. In the first case, the entrance gate is not identified, but in the second, the source of infection can be identified. The following indicates the method by which blood sepsis occurred: through a wound, as a result of surgery, or by rupture of the birth canal. However, more important is the classification according to the location of the source of infection:

• odontogenic – the hard part of the tooth;
• intestinal – digestive system;
• cutaneous - skin;
• rhinogenic – nasal sinuses;
• urosepsis – organs of the genitourinary system;
• oral – oral cavity;
• otogenic – ears;
• tonsillogenic – tonsils;
• endocardial – heart valves.

Stages of sepsis

You can prevent the spread of infection and toxins by understanding in time what stage the disease is at.. The principle of treatment of infection, its duration and results depend on the stage of its progression. There are several of them:

• Initial stage of infection. The body reacts to microorganisms in the blood. Body temperature and skin color change, heart rate increases.
• Lightning fast. Accompanied by a sharp deterioration in health. Such an acute stage can lead to septicopyemia - the formation of abscesses.
• Late stage of infection. Characterized by disruption of vital organs and hypotension.
• Septic shock. The blood supply to organs is disrupted, which leads to death.

How to determine blood poisoning

To identify the fact that a patient's blood is contaminated, at least two criteria indicating this must be present: hypothermia or hyperthermia, tachycardia and a low white blood cell count. In addition, there is a whole range of studies that can be used to detect infection:

• urine test (excess protein in the urine can confirm the diagnosis);
• comprehensive study of intravascular coagulation indicators;
• X-ray or ultrasound to detect purulent lesions of the body.

Treatment

To save a person from the consequences of the penetration and spread of dangerous bacteria in the blood during infection, doctors can resort to radical surgical methods to remove necrosis or limit themselves to more conservative treatment. It all depends on the stage of the disease and the condition of the particular organism, so self-medication is unacceptable here. Treatment for blood sepsis may include:

• anti-inflammatory and antibacterial therapies that kill microorganisms and increase resistance to them;
• administration of water-salt solutions intravenously to detoxify the body after infection;
• plasma transfusion from a donor in the most advanced cases.

Antibiotics

An infection in the blood prevents a person from living normally due to the dysfunction of his internal organs. Antibiotics inhibit the growth of living cells, which also include dangerous microorganisms. When infected, this option will be the most effective at first and in the initial stages. The drug can be taken only on the recommendation of a doctor and in combination with an excipient. To treat blood sepsis use:

• Gentamicin. It disrupts protein synthesis by acting through the cell membrane of microorganisms. The downside is the side effects associated with long-term use of the drug.
• Vancomycin. Slows down the biosynthesis of bacterial cell walls, which has a detrimental effect on them. Contraindicated in renal diseases.
• Amoxicillin. Belongs to the group of penicillins, works due to its inhibitory effect on infected cells. This group is very allergic.

Consequences

Scary photos and videos depicting complications after blood sepsis are amazing and frightening. The most dangerous consequence is septic shock, which impedes blood circulation in the internal organs. Even if the disease has not reached this state, the danger to health is enormous, since various pathologies can develop:

• heart or kidney failure;
• liver tissue damage;
• significant increase in shortness of breath;
• instability of temperature and pressure;
• the appearance of bedsores;
• blockage of blood vessels and tissue necrosis;
• bleeding.

Prevention

It is not possible to predict that a healthy person will suddenly develop a disease. One person may be completely insensitive to any virus in the blood, while another may fall ill instantly. However, there are preventive measures that can reduce the risk of infection and protect yourself from severe consequences:

• Strengthening the immune system. This set of effects will create a barrier to infection. If your immune system is weakened, consult a doctor to select therapy.
• Maintaining hygiene rules. This point especially applies to the administration of injections and the treatment of open wounds.
• Accuracy. Reducing the level of injury will not allow bacteria to penetrate inside.

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People have been attacked by the human immunodeficiency virus for decades. Pathogenic flora penetrates the body and gradually kills it. Every day many HIV infections occur through blood. This is due to lack of awareness among people, promiscuous sex life, drug addiction, rising crime, low standard of living and other unfavorable factors. The blood of an HIV-infected person is a potential breeding ground for the disease, but infection does not always occur.

Blood with AIDS is only dangerous if it comes into contact with the secretions and bodily fluids of a healthy person. Today, everyone needs to know the specifics of virus transmission in order to protect themselves from the transmission of AIDS and HIV through blood. By familiarizing yourself with the mechanism of infection and the peculiarities of the introduction of a retrovirus into cells, you can minimize the risk of developing many life-threatening diseases, including immunodeficiency.

Is HIV transmitted through dried blood?

Due to different life circumstances, each person may face the fear of contracting HIV. Contact with the blood of an infected person does not always lead to the worst results. This is due to the fact that the physical and chemical characteristics of a given biological fluid have many variations. Infection is only possible if HIV blood enters the blood of an absolutely healthy person through an open wound or microcracks in the mucous membranes. In order for pathogenic cells to begin to actively multiply in the body of a healthy person, they must enter in maximum quantities into an acceptable habitat. Otherwise, infection does not occur.

Doctors are often asked questions about whether the dried blood of an HIV-positive person is dangerous. There simply cannot be an unambiguous and clear answer here for several reasons. Firstly, the freshness of dried blood plays a huge role. Whether it is possible to become infected with HIV through biological material that has been exposed to the open air for a long period of time is a controversial issue. The fact is that virus cells remain viable for 2 weeks even in dried blood. How many HIV cells live in this type of material depends on the stage of the person’s disease and the degree of mutation of the virus. If the blood of a patient infected with AIDS contains few pathogenic cells, then it becomes safe within a few days. Cells do not die immediately, but gradually.

It is possible to become infected with HIV/AIDS through blood that has dried less than a few hours ago. However, for this to happen there must be direct contact between infected and healthy biological material. This means that a person gets sick and becomes a carrier of the virus only if the dried blood of an HIV-infected person enters through an open wound on the body or microcracks in the mucous membranes.

In addition, the parenteral route of transmission and infection of HIV through blood includes the use of non-sterile medical instruments, for example, scalpels and needles. Dried biological material in small quantities may remain on syringes and drills. This route of infection predominates among drug addicts, as they often share injection needles. Through parenteral transmission of HIV infection, you can also become infected in medical institutions. Transfusion of medications, reuse of needles and syringes, and insufficiently disinfected surfaces increase the risk of infection. Hospitals must strictly monitor the integrity of medical personnel.

Does infection occur when the material enters the mouth?

Communication with retrovirus carriers is in itself absolutely safe. However, sometimes situations arise that are fraught with unpleasant consequences for a healthy person. You can often hear or read on forums the question of whether it is possible to become infected with HIV by drinking the blood of a patient. At first glance, such a topic may seem funny, because no one in their right mind would drink it, especially if it is infected with a dangerous virus. Even more ridiculous is the question of whether one can become infected by eating dried HIV blood. However, life is unpredictable, and situations are also different.

The entry of infected biological material into the stomach, and from there into the intestines, can occur when eating food prepared by infected cooks. Cooking is a process that is fraught with various types of injuries. The cook may not know that the disease has affected his body and continue to work in catering establishments. The slightest cut of a chef's finger with a knife can end disastrously for the visitor if biological fluid gets into the food, and from there into the body of a healthy person. This also applies to drinks. If there is biological material of an infected person on the glasses or cups, then the issue of infection through the dried substance becomes relevant.

The risk of infection in this way is 50:50. This depends on the amount of biological material and the presence of open ulcers and wounds in the body. To be infected with HIV, the minimum amount of blood must be more than one teaspoon. In addition, the risk of infection increases if the biological material is fresh. It is difficult to say how long HIV lives in dried blood on dishes and cutlery. On average, pathologically altered virus cells are active for up to 2 weeks. Only after this period of time has passed can we talk about their complete destruction.

How much blood does it take to become infected with HIV? This question is asked quite often today. This number is different for everyone. However, if there are ulcers and wounds in the intestines or stomach, then one drop is enough. If the internal organs are in perfect condition, then about a glass of blood is needed for infection. Only this amount will be absorbed by the intestinal walls and enter the bloodstream.

Outside the body, HIV in the blood does not pose any danger. If HIV blood has entered the stomach, then you need to see a doctor in two weeks and take all tests to detect the infection.

Is an infected biological substance dangerous during menstruation?

The topic of sex is extremely sensitive. Quite often, people whose partner has AIDS have questions about whether it is possible to become infected with HIV during menstruation. The answer in this case is ambiguous. If during this period of time the couple has unprotected sexual intercourse or oral sex occurs, then infection is possible.

It happens that there is household contact with linen soiled from menstruation. In this case, you need to ensure that discharge from clothes and sheets does not get on an open wound on the body. If, by pure chance, you touch underwear contaminated with such biological material, then nothing bad will happen. The skin is a reliable barrier to prevent the penetration of the virus.

Sometimes a patient may come to see a doctor and wonder how she became infected with HIV during her period. Many people mistakenly believe that the virus comes out along with the discharge. However, this is fundamentally wrong. The day of the cycle does not matter. Infection is possible at any time if sexual intercourse is performed without a condom or if it is damaged.

Infection (infectio)

penetration of a causative agent of an infectious disease into a person or animal, leading to the development of one or another form of the infectious process (carriage of infectious agents).

1. Small medical encyclopedia. - M.: Medical encyclopedia. 1991-96 2. First aid. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 1994 3. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Medical Terms. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. - 1982-1984.

See what “Infection” is in other dictionaries:

infection- 1) the process of transferring an emotional state (see emotions) from one individual (human or animal) to another at the psychophysiological level of contact (see psychophysiology) in addition to or in addition to the actual ... Great psychological encyclopedia

INFECTION, infection, cf. (book). Action under Ch. infect infect and infect infect. When eating from the same dish, it is difficult to avoid infection. Infection with influenza, diphtheria. Blood poisoning. “Contagiousness is an undoubted sign of art... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Contamination Genre fantasy Director Luigi Cozzi Starring Ian MacCulloch Louise Marlowe ... Wikipedia

Impact, infection; invasion, cysticercosis, reinfection, bacillation, infection, sepsis, autoinfection Dictionary of Russian synonyms. infection noun, number of synonyms: 9 autoinfection (4) ... Synonym dictionary

INFECT, azhu, azh; azhenny (yon, ena); owls, than. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

See Infection. (Source: “Dictionary of Microbiology Terms”) ... Dictionary of microbiology

See Infection (Source: Dictionary of Microbiology Terms) ... Dictionary of microbiology

INFECTION- INFECTION, see Infection... Great Medical Encyclopedia

infection- Colonization and (or) contamination of the environment with a biological agent. Note Colonization of soil by pathogenic fungi, air pollution by fungal spores, etc. [GOST 21507 81] Topics plant protection ... Technical Translator's Guide

infection- what and with what. 1. what (indication of the object of infection). Infection of the body. Blood poisoning. 2. than (indicating the nature of the infection). Infection with influenza. Typhus infection... Control Dictionary

infection- rus pollution (s), contamination (s); contamination (f) eng contamination fra contamination (f) deu Kontamination (f), Kontaminierung (f), Verunreinigung (f) spa contaminación (f), polución (f) … Occupational safety and health. Translation into English, French, German, Spanish

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• Justice League Book 2 Contagion, Hitch B.. After the Justice League was replenished with a Superman from another world and two young and energetic Green Lanterns, the team became stronger, stronger, and new ones opened up before it...
• Contagion by fear. The causes of all suffering and the solution in one book, Robert Prime. This book will tell you how evil works on the planet, how it appeared, how it began to sprout. And where is it located? Where do the legs of modern anxieties, fears and the entire human soul come from...

Sources and routes of infection

There is an opinion that if you strictly follow the rules of personal hygiene, then infection with helminths is impossible. Alas, this is not true. According to statistics, almost every 3rd person is infected with one of the types of worms. Most of the infected people are children, as they are more likely to come into contact with the source of the disease. To prevent the possibility of infection with worms, you need to know the possible sources of infection.

Nutritional. Through unwashed hands, dirty water and contaminated food.

Transmissible. Transmitted from blood-sucking insects.

To prevent the possibility of becoming infected with worms, you need to know the possible sources of infection.

How does infection occur?

When a person is infected with pinworms, their eggs spread quickly. They get on the hands, accumulate under the nails, and then spread to household items with which a person comes into contact (clothing, bedding, food and other household items). In this way, all family members become infected, as well as those people with whom there was physical contact.

Giardiasis is another disease that can be contracted not only from a person, but also from the place where the infected person was previously located. Giardia cysts are highly resistant to various unfavorable conditions. So, for example, you can become infected with giardiasis in the pool where the carrier previously swam. Cysts are able to survive in chlorinated water.

There are many ways you can become infected with worms from a person. One of these is sexual contact or kissing. If one of the partners is a carrier of helminths, then it is impossible to protect yourself with the help of contraception. Amoebiasis (mainly in homosexuals) and giardiasis are especially often transmitted sexually.

Helminths can penetrate and live in all organs, thereby causing various symptoms that are similar to those of other diseases.

If treatment is not taken, some types of worms can be fatal.

It is impossible to completely protect yourself from helminthiasis, since their eggs are found almost everywhere. You can only reduce the risk of developing the disease. To do this, you should follow the rules of personal hygiene, eat foods that have been heat-treated, and carry out a course of preventive treatment several times a year.