Presentation on the topic chlamydial infection. Chlamydia

What is chlamydia? Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infection caused by a microorganism called Chlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydia most often affects the genitourinary system (in women the uterus, in men the urethra), but it can also affect other organs, such as eyes, joints, etc.

How common is chlamydia? Chlamydia is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. Chlamydia affects from 30% to 60% of women and up to 50% of men. Chlamydia is most often detected in young sexually active women (years old). In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the frequency of detection of this infection, which, in part, may be due to improved diagnostic methods.

What are the manifestations of chlamydia? in women: - cramping pain in the lower abdomen, - an increase in the amount of bloody discharge and increased pain during menstruation, - the appearance of bloody or other discharge different from normal between periods or during sexual intercourse, - pain or discomfort when urinating, - pain during sexual intercourse or after it.

What are the possible complications of chlamydia? Infertility. Chlamydial infection contributes to the formation of scars and/or other damage to the fallopian tubes (through which the egg moves to the uterus and fertilization occurs there), regardless of the severity of its manifestations. In men, infertility is the result of chlamydial infection of the testicles. Increased risk of ectopic pregnancy (chlamydial infection is the cause in 40% of cases). In this case, the fetus is located and grows in the fallopian tube itself, which ultimately can lead to its rupture. Long-lasting pain, including during sexual intercourse (about 20% of cases). Increased risk of complicated pregnancy (miscarriage, premature labor, stillbirth). Development of Reiter's syndrome (inflammation of the urethra, joints and eyes).

What are the possible complications of chlamydia? In most cases, with timely diagnosis and completion of the full course of treatment, complications do not develop. However, with an asymptomatic course of the infection or a complete absence of manifestations, quite a long time may pass from the moment of infection to its detection and treatment, which increases the risk of developing complications in the future

How to identify chlamydia? If chlamydia is suspected, the discharge from the cervical canal and urethra, as well as urine, is collected and examined to identify chlamydia, fragments of their cells or protective proteins of the human body. If chlamydia is detected, it is recommended to undergo testing to identify other sexually transmitted infections.

Why is it necessary to undergo treatment if there are no signs of infection? Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infection and is subject to mandatory treatment because: the infection can spread in the body and lead to the development of severe complications months/years after infection; an infected person is contagious, regardless of whether the infection manifests itself or not.

How is chlamydia treated? Chlamydia is highly treatable. The duration and success of treatment depend on the timing of its initiation. Short courses of antibacterial drugs are used to treat the infection. Treatment of chlamydia must be carried out by a doctor. Do not try to treat chlamydia at home yourself; this may suppress rather than cure the infection. To be sure of a cure, you must undergo a full course of treatment and subsequent examinations with a doctor, preferably at the same time as your partner. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or think you may be pregnant, as this information may affect the choice of drug.

How to prevent chlamydia infection? The most effective way to prevent infection is to abstain from sexual intercourse. Be faithful to your partner. A relationship in which both partners are healthy and have relationships only with each other is relatively safe from the point of view of contracting sexually transmitted infections. Use protection every time you have intimate contact. Remember that using a contraceptive does not provide 100% protection against infection, but only reduces its risk. Remember that the use of oral contraceptives, intrauterine devices, etc. does not protect against sexually transmitted infections. Avoid using drugs and excessive amounts of alcohol. Get tested regularly for sexually transmitted infections. The earlier an infection is detected, the easier it is to treat. Be open with your doctor and sexual partner(s) if you or your partner have contracted a sexually transmitted infection. If you are pregnant, be sure to get examined by a doctor. Treating the genitals with disinfectants (gibitan, cidipal, miramistin, betadine) during the first 2 hours after sexual intercourse can reduce the risk of infection. Remember that these products are not intended for regular use, as their long-term use has a harmful effect on the mucous membranes.

Urogenital chlamydia Urogenital chlamydia is an infectious disease caused by certain serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis, sexually transmitted and characterized by numerous lesions of various organs and tissues of the genitourinary system, often becoming chronic.

Morphology of chlamydia Chlamydia are small gram-negative prokaryotes, spherical or ovoid in shape, do not form spores, are immobile, and do not have a capsule. The cell wall does not contain peptidoglycan; rigid functions are performed by proteins of the outer membrane. Chlamydia exists in two forms: Elementary body (0.2-0.3 µm) - an extracellular infectious form of chlamydia, responsible for the process of attachment to the target cell and penetration into them. Reticular body (0.8-1.5 µm) - intracellular metabolically active form

Life cycle of chlamydia - (duration of an hour) 1. Adsorption of ET on the target cell membrane and introduction by endocytosis with the formation of a phagocytic vacuole (7-10 hours). 2. Transformation of ET into a larger PT, which divides binary multiple times, forming chlamydial inclusions surrounded by the host cell membrane (18-24 hours). 3. Maturation of chlamydia – formation of intermediate bodies and transformation of RT into ET (hours). 4. Exit of ET from the destroyed cell. 5. Penetration of ET into new cells and the beginning of a new development cycle

Chlamydia antigens (according to R.A. Mardh, 1990) Antigen Chemical composition Note Genus-specific (common to all types of chlamydia. Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia pneumoniae) Liposaccharide Three different antigenic domains Used in diagnostics using the immunofluorescence method Species-specific (different for all types of chlamydia Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydia pneumoniae) Outer membrane proteins More than 18 different components 155 k Yes in Chlamydia trachomatis, epitopes in protein 40 k Yes, heat shock protein hsp-60 Type specific (different for Chlamydia trachomatis serovars) Outer membrane proteins Epitopes in 40 k Da protein (MOMP), 30 k Da protein in serotypes A and B

Pathogenesis The leading role in the pathogenesis of chlamydial infection is played by immunopathological mechanisms. Due to the ability of chlamydia to inhibit the fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes, phagocytosis during chlamydial infection is unproductive. The life cycle of chlamydia can lead to cell death and the launch of a complex of inflammatory reactions, the possibility of persistence of chlamydia in epithelial cells and fibroblasts of infected mucous membranes has been proven . Chlamydia is absorbed by peripheral monocytes and spreads in the body, monocytes settle in tissues and turn into tissue macrophages (in joints, in blood vessels, in the heart area). Tissue macrophages can remain viable for several months, while being a powerful antigenic stimulator, leading to the formation of fibrous granulomas in healthy tissue.

Men Women Children Diseases Urethritis Epididymitis Conjunctivitis Lymphogranuloma venereum Urethritis Endometritis Salpingitis Periappendicitis Perihepatitis Conjunctivitis Lymphogranuloma venereum Conjunctivitis of newborns Pneumonia Complications Impaired fertility Post-infectious (reactive) arthritis - Reiter's syndrome Damage to the genitals and gastrointestinal tract with edema and stenosis (after lymphogranuloma venereum) Infertility Impaired fertility Ectopic pregnancy Chronic abdominal pain Post-infectious (reactive) arthritis-Reiter's syndrome Damage to the genitals and gastrointestinal tract with edema and stenosis (after lymphogranuloma venereum) Obstructive pulmonary diseases

Immunity The protective reaction at the initial stage of infection is carried out by polymorphonuclear lymphocytes. A significant role in protecting the body is played by polyclonal activation of B-lymphocytes. In blood serum and secretory fluids with chlamydia, a significant amount of immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, IgA to the chlamydial lipopolysaccharide antigen is detected. Local formation of secretory immunoglobulin A is shown; the leading role in protection against chlamydial infection is played by T-helpers, which activate the phagocytic activity of macrophages and cytotoxic protection through T-lymphocytes; Post-infectious immunity has not been studied

Laboratory diagnosis of urogenital chlamydia Test material: scrapings of the epithelium of the mucous membranes of the urethra, cervical canal, blood serum. Diagnostic methods: Direct PCR immunofluorescence method is the most sensitive research method. Culture method is labor-intensive and time-consuming; cell cultures are used. Serological - specific antibodies are detected in the serum of patients, RNGA, ELISA, and indirect MIF are used.

The presentation briefly outlines: morphology and physiology, cellular structure (in the picture), clinical forms and picture of urogenital chlamydia, diagnosis. The work contains quite a lot of images, both photographs of microspecimens and photographs of the manifestations of chlamydia in patients. The presentation was rated excellent at the Department of Microbiology of IGMU in 2016. It will be a good addition to an essay, report, or as a visual teaching aid. ...

Introduction

Introduction.
Chlamydia trachomatis
Domain: Bacteria
Type: Chlamidiae
Class: Chlamidiae
Genus: Chlamydia
Family: Chlamydiaceae
Order: Chlamydiales
Department: Gracilicutes
Species: Chlamydia trachomatis

Bibliography

Bibliography
1. Infections of the genitourinary system. Chlamydia, adnexitis, vaginitis, trichomoniasis, etc.: - St. Petersburg, Slog, 2014 - 160 p.
2. Sexual infections. Chlamydia, trichomoniasis, herpes, mycoplasmosis: A. I. Migunov - St. Petersburg, IG "Ves", 2009 - 128 p.
3.Prostatitis. Secrets of hidden infections: O. I. Eliseeva - St. Petersburg, IG "Ves", 2014 - 208 p.
4. Chlamydia: Jesse Russell - Moscow, Book on Demand, 2012 - 106 p.

Please carefully study the content and fragments of the work. Money for purchased finished works will not be returned due to the fact that the work does not meet your requirements or is unique.

* The category of work is of an evaluative nature in accordance with the qualitative and quantitative parameters of the material provided. This material, neither in its entirety nor any of its parts, is a finished scientific work, final qualifying work, scientific report or other work provided for by the state system of scientific certification or necessary for passing intermediate or final certification. This material is a subjective result of processing, structuring and formatting the information collected by its author and is intended, first of all, to be used as a source for independent preparation of work on this topic.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

There is no HTML version of the work yet.
You can download the archive of the work by clicking on the link below.

9 Bergey group

Family - Chlamydiaceae Main genera: Chlamydia species: Chl. trachomatis, is divided into serovars Chl. suis Chl. muridarum Chlamydophila species: C. psittaci C. pneumoniae C. pecorum C. abortus C. caviae C. felis

Slide 3

Serovars A, B, C cause TRACHOMA (keratoconjunctivitis with scarring)

Slide 4
Serovars D–K cause urogenital chlamydia (UGC).

Epidemiology of UGC Source of infection - sick person Transmission routes: sexual vertical Susceptible group - any person

Slide 5
Chlamydia pathogenicity factors:

Adhesins and invasins: outer membrane proteins (OMP) LPS Endotoxin – LPS Heat shock protein with Mr = 60 kDa (HSP-60) The antigenic composition of chlamydial HSP is homologous to human HSP. Antichlamydial antibodies formed in the host's body are at the same time autoantibodies to its own HSP-60. This is one of the first proteins synthesized in a woman’s body by epithelial cells of the deciduabasalis after fertilization. In the early stages of pregnancy in a woman with chronic chlamydial infection, HSP-60 expression may reactivate lymphocytes sensitized by chlamydial HSP-60, leading to embryo rejection. This mechanism, as well as tubal obstruction, are the main ones in the pathogenesis of female infertility in UGC.

Slide 6
Pathogenesis of chlamydia

Adhesion of elementary bodies (EB) on the cylindrical epithelium of the mucous membrane of the urogenital tract Penetration of EB into cells by endocytosis Transformation of EB into reticular bodies (RB), which, having access to ATP and other compounds (for example, tryptophan), multiply, forming microcolonies Transformation of RT in ET and their exit with cell destruction

Slide 7
Cervicitis due to chlamydia
Slide 8
Salpingitis and adhesions in the fallopian tube with chlamydia
Slide 9
Chlamydial conjunctivitis

Acute form Chronic form

Slide 10
Laboratory diagnostics

Test material: scrapings from the urethra, cervix, conjunctiva, sperm Diagnostic methods: 1. Express diagnostics RIF ELISA PCR NASBA-Real-time (Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification). The method is based on the amplification of single-stranded ribosomal RNA as a result of a reverse transcription reaction.

Slide 11
NASBA Benefits

The number of ribosomes in one cell ranges from several thousand to several tens of thousands. For comparison: DNA sections used as a target for PCR do not exceed two dozen per bacterial cell. Thus, with the help of NASBA, it is possible to identify pathogens even in cases where their number is too small and insufficient for detection by PCR! While DNA is a fairly stable material and the detection of DNA does not yet mean the presence of viable microorganisms, RNA, on the contrary, is an extremely unstable material and degrades quite quickly with the death and destruction of microorganism cells. This makes it possible not only to more accurately judge the presence of a current infection, but also to more accurately and reliably evaluate the results of treatment.

Slide 12
2. Microscopic method Romanovsky-Giemsa staining

Slide 14
MYCOPLASMA
Slide 15
30 Bergey Group

Family - Mycoplasmataceae Main genera: Mycoplasma species: M. hominis M. genitalium M. pneumoniae Ureaplasma species: U. urealyticum

Slide 16
Epidemiology of urogenital myco- and ureaplasmosis

Source of infection - sick person Transmission routes: sexual vertical Susceptible group - any person

Slide 17
M. genitalium is an absolute pathogen and causes pathological conditions leading to impaired reproductive function in both women and men. M. hominis and U. urealyticum are found in the urethra and vagina in 20 - 75% of practically healthy people (conditionally pathogenic) Concentration of U. urealyticum and M hominis more than 104 CFU in 1 ml or 1 g of discharge has diagnostic value, while lower concentrations should not be taken into account and do not require treatment, since mycoplasmas can be found in healthy people in such quantities

Slide 18
Laboratory diagnostics

Test material: discharge from the genital tract, urine, prostate secretions Diagnostic methods: 1. Express diagnostics RIF (low information content) ELISA PCR NASBA-Real-time

Slide 19
2. Bacteriological method Culture must be quantitative with the determination of CFU/ml or g. Mycoplasmas have very low biosynthetic activity, therefore the media have a very complex composition: horse blood serum (source of sterols), yeast extract, hydrolyzate (tryptic digest) of cattle heart, amino acids L- cysteine and L-arginine, etc.

Slide 20
Mycoplasma colonies are very small - 0.1 - 0.6 mm Reminiscent of “fried eggs”: a cloudy granular center growing into the medium and a flat translucent openwork peripheral zone

Slide 21
Differential diagnostic media with different substrates and indicators for identification: M. hominis ferments arginine (alkalization of the medium) U. urealyticum ferments urea to ammonia (alkalization of the medium) M. genitalium ferments glucose to acid Test system "Mycoplasma DUO": the kit includes microplates, in wells which contain and dilute at the time of sample examination dehydrated substrates, growth factors and selective antibiotics that ensure the implementation of the method (cultivation, identification, titration of Ureaplasmaurealyticum and Mycoplasmahominis)

Slide 22
3. The serological method is low informative for urogenital infections, mainly for mycoplasma pneumonia RSK RPGA ELISA

Slide 23
GARDNERELLA
Slide 24
5 Bergey Group

Family Bifidobacteriaceae Genus Gardnerella Species G.vaginalis

Slide 25
In healthy women of reproductive age, vaginal discharge contains 105 - 107 microorganisms per 1 ml. 90–95% of the vaginal biotope consists of H2O2-producing lactobacilli. Other types of microorganisms found in low concentrations account for less than 5 - 10% of the total vaginal flora: diphtheroids, streptococci, staphylococci, Gardnerella vaginalis, Mycoplasmahominis and anaerobic bacteria (genus Mobiluncus and others).

Slide 26
Microscopic picture of normal vaginal flora
Slide 27
Bacterial vaginosis (BV)

according to ICD-10, is an infectious non-inflammatory clinical syndrome of polymicrobial etiology associated with dysbiosis of the vaginal biotope, caused by the cessation or significant reduction in the growth of lactobacilli, which produce hydrogen peroxide and provide colonization resistance of the vaginal biotope, and an increase in the number of opportunistic microorganisms, mainly anaerobic: Atopobium vaginae, Gardnerella vaginalis, Mobiluncus, Bacteroides, etc.

Slide 28
Diagnostic criteria for BV

homogeneous, watery, grayish-white vaginal discharge with the smell of rotten fish (production of abnormal amines by anaerobes) vaginal discharge pH > 4.5 positive amino test result (the appearance of a “fishy” odor when mixing vaginal discharge with a 10% KOH solution in equal parts ) the presence of “key” cells when stained by Gram (epithelial cells of the vagina, densely covered with adherent Gram-variable rods and cocci)

View all slides

Presentation on the topic chlamydial infection. Chlamydia

Introduction

Bibliography

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar documents

9 Bergey group

Serovars A, B, C cause TRACHOMA (keratoconjunctivitis with scarring)

Serovars D–K cause urogenital chlamydia (UGC).

Chlamydia pathogenicity factors:

Pathogenesis of chlamydia

Cervicitis due to chlamydia

Salpingitis and adhesions in the fallopian tube with chlamydia

Chlamydial conjunctivitis

Laboratory diagnostics

NASBA Benefits

MYCOPLASMA

30 Bergey Group

Epidemiology of urogenital myco- and ureaplasmosis

Laboratory diagnostics

GARDNERELLA

5 Bergey Group

Microscopic picture of normal vaginal flora

Bacterial vaginosis (BV)

Diagnostic criteria for BV