Presentation on the topic "medicines". Medicines Presentation on chemistry on the topic anti-inflammatory drugs

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What do we do if we feel unwell? Sometimes we go to the doctor, but more often we just take out a home medicine cabinet, take a pill, swallow it and wait for the result. Unpleasant sensations usually pass. From diagnosis to pill Remember, self-medication is dangerous for your life

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The purpose of the work is to find out how medications affect the human body: painkillers (analgin), antipyretics (aspirin), antibiotics (chloramphenicol); what side effects do they have?

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Problem: if I have a headache or increased body temperature, what should I do? What pills should I take? How can I help? Research: is it possible to take medications without the advice and prescription of a doctor? conducted by a student: Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 8 Popova Valentina under the motto “I don’t believe it! I'll check! I trust medicine!”

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Collect general information about medications (aspirin, analgin, chloramphenicol) Chemical and biological effects on the human body What drugs are there. Research objectives:

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Schematic representation of the aspirin molecule. The acetyl group (top right) is connected via an oxygen atom (in red) to salicylic acid. ASPIRIN, the common name for acetylsalicylic acid. Chemical formula of aspirin

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Hippocrates also used a decoction of white willow bark in combination with poppy tincture as an antipyretic and analgesic. And in the 18th century, a British abbot conducted the first “clinical studies” in history, in which 50 fever patients participated. He proved the antipyretic effect of white willow bark extract and reported the results to the Royal Society. FIRST ASPIRIN

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This is what the Bayer chemical laboratory looked like in 1900, where aspirin was produced at the end of the 19th century.

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Pharmacological action Aspirin - has anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects Indications for use Rheumatism, fever in infectious and inflammatory diseases; headache Contraindications Hypersensitivity, gastrointestinal bleeding; bleeding disorder,

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As observations have shown, most drugs are electrolytes. Moreover, unlike strong electrolytes, which include inorganic acids, alkalis and salts, organic substances are only partially ionized in an aqueous solution, forming weak acids, like aspirin: How to make a drug molecule work for the benefit of the body

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In the spring of 2006, European and American doctors came to the conclusion that the familiar aspirin can cope with cancerous tumors. Researchers not only confirmed these assumptions, but also found out exactly what types of malignant tumors acetylsalicylic acid can destroy. Classic aspirin is one of the oldest medicines against fever and pain - it has been used effectively for more than a hundred years. According to experts from the London Cancer Research Center, aspirin is an excellent tool in the fight against a rare type of malignant tumors. According to scientists, aspirin compensates for the deficiency of salicylates in the diet of modern people.

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Chemical formula: C13H18N3NaO5S Chemical name: sodium 2,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl-4-methylaminopyrazolone-5-N-methanesulfonate hydrate Molecular weight: (in amu) 351.36 Basic physical and chemical properties: tablets white or white with a yellowish tint; colorless, bitter in taste, odorless, needle-shaped crystals

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History: Analgin was synthesized a long time ago. Back in 1920, during the search for a readily soluble form of amidopyrine. It was used as an affordable pain reliever, since there was no wide range of pain relievers at that time. Additional information: The aqueous solution is neutral. When standing for a long time, it turns yellow without losing its biological activity. For several decades, analgin has been banned in Australia, Great Britain, the USA, Germany, and England. It is believed that when used regularly, this drug puts more strain on the liver and may contribute to impaired hematopoietic function.

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Pharmacological properties. The drug has a pronounced analgesic and antipyretic effect. Analgin prevents the conduction of pain impulses by nerve fibers and increases the threshold of excitability. Indications for use. Pain syndrome of various origins (headache, toothache, burns, pain in the postoperative period, neuralgia, radiculitis, febrile conditions (flu, acute respiratory infections, etc.); renal and hepatic colic

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Method of administration and dose. The drug is taken after meals, 0.25 - 0.5 g 2 - 3 times a day; for rheumatism, the dose can be increased to 1 g 3 times a day. Side effect. Allergic reactions: bronchospasm, skin rashes, Quincke's edema Contraindications. Individual hypersensitivity to the drug

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Pharmacological group: Amphenicols Chemical name: -2,2-Dichloro-N-acetamide

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Indications for use: typhoid fever; dysentery; whooping cough; typhus; pneumonia; meningitis; sepsis; osteomyelitis. Pharmacological properties. Levomycetin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic with a bacteriostatic effect. Basic physical and chemical properties: White or white with a faint yellowish-green tint, crystalline powder, bitter taste. Slightly soluble in water, easily soluble in alcohol.

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How to take medications correctly Take medications with water only. Everything else: juices, tea, carbonated drinks, and especially alcohol are unacceptable. Tea, for example, forms insoluble compounds with medications, and they precipitate. Juices can turn some drugs into poison, and the same applies to alcohol to an even greater extent. The time for taking the medicine, of course, depends on the recommendations given on this matter, but you need to know that taking the medicine before meals means 40-30 minutes before the meal. If the medicine must be taken after a meal, this means that at least two hours must pass from the last meal. Taking it on an empty stomach means 40-20 minutes before breakfast. It is better not to take different medications at the same time. It is better to take the medicine entirely. Do not try to chew them, crush them before taking them, or dissolve them in water.

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How to remove a foreign substance from the body? Medicinal substances are destroyed in the liver - the body seeks to cleanse itself of foreign chemicals. In this case, complex compounds are usually transformed into simpler substances that can be eliminated from the body quite easily. Every day, the liver produces up to a liter of bile, the components of which, especially bile acids, contribute to the decomposition and absorption of fats in the intestines. In this case, more than 80% of the liver secretion is quickly absorbed into the blood and passes from the intestine back to the liver. In this way, bile acids circulate and can be reused by the body. This is where the drug molecule sometimes falls into a trap. Many substances are able to form complexes with bile components, diffuse through the intestinal walls into the blood and thus participate in the liver-intestines-blood-liver cycle. The process continues until the drug molecules are completely degraded and pass from the blood into the urine. How long does the medicine last? What happens to him then?

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In recent years, chemists have often used advances in molecular biology to create new drugs. The behavior of cells under the influence of various substances sets the direction of the search for the creation of new compounds - those that will act with minimal side effects. The achievements of modern pharmaceuticals are impressive. While for thousands of years people were treated with herbal decoctions and other folk remedies, the average human life expectancy was very short. In medieval Europe, it did not even reach 40 years, but today, thanks to the development of healthcare and, including new medications, it has almost doubled. The future of modern pharmaceuticals

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Development of a chemistry lesson in 10th grade on the topic “Medicines and human health”
Author: Kravtsova Ekaterina Sergeevna chemistry teacher MBOU "Lomovskaya Secondary School" Korochansky district, Belgorod region 2015

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Lesson motto: We will be able to unravel many mysteries and comprehend and understand a lot. What we have gained will be useful to us in life. How interesting it is to learn!

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Topic, goals and objectives of the lesson.
The most valuable thing a person has is his health. Only a healthy person can be truly happy, although often he does not understand this. Unfortunately, our body is susceptible to diseases, and from time to time we are forced to use medications. Today's lesson is about learning about medications. Write down the topic of the lesson “Medicines and human health.” In today's lesson we will get acquainted with the concept of “medicine”, the classification of drugs, their forms, and learn how to take medications correctly so as not to harm yourself. It's not how much you know that matters, but WHAT EXACTLY you know.

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Health is the privilege of the wise!
Wise is not the one who knows a lot, but the one who knows what is necessary." Aeschylus
Get the information you need about medications!

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What are medications?
It is not difficult to answer this question. Medicines are substances that help fight disease. But what’s interesting is that any disease has symptoms: fever, fever, headache, for example, and then we will use antipyretic and painkillers. The cause of these symptoms may be some kind of inflammation and we will have to use anti-inflammatory medications. Therefore, some medications treat symptoms, while others eliminate the cause of the disease. Medicines are a group of substances, different in their form, action and dynamics, aimed at eliminating the signs of the disease.

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What medications are there and why do they cure? Write down in your notebook the definition of the concept of “medicine” and the group of drugs.
In medical practice, medicinal substances are divided into groups depending on their effect on systems and organs. For example: Sleeping pills and sedatives; Cardiovascular; Analgesic (painkillers), antipyretic and anti-inflammatory; Antimicrobials (antibiotics, sulfonamide drugs, etc.); Local anesthetic; Antiseptic; Diuretic; Hormones; Vitamins

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The science that studies drugs is called pharmacology.
In the distant past, the ancient Greek word “pharmakon” and the ancient Russian “potion” had a uniquely poisonous connotation, and medicines were called “drugs.” Over many centuries, the meanings of these words have not changed: medicine is a drug that gives healing, poison is a potion that can kill. Almost every medicine can have a toxic effect under certain conditions, and many poisons are used as medicines. The conventionality of the boundary between them is determined by the general mode of action on the body. There are a lot of drugs. In what form are medications available? (Solid, liquid). The following forms of drugs are distinguished. Write down forms and examples of medications in your notebook.

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Dosage forms
Liquid Hard Soft
solutions infusions decoctions tinctures alcoholic extracts mixtures emulsions suspensions aerosols tablets powders granules dragees pills capsules herbal preparations ointments pastes candles gels

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Nature of diseases
Influenza is an acute infectious viral disease with a short incubation period.

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Angina?!

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What is the difference between flu and sore throat?
Flu is a viral disease, sore throat is bacterial. The nature of the diseases is different. Bacterial diseases are treated with antibiotics. What are antibiotics? Write the answer in your notebook. Waste products (or their synthetic analogues) of living cells (bacterial, fungal, etc.), selectively suppressing the functioning of other cells (microorganisms, tumors, etc.). Viral diseases cannot be treated with antibiotics. Antiviral drugs are used to treat them.

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The discovery by A. Fleming in 1928 of Penicillin, a group of antibiotics of the fungus Penicillium, became a triumph of the doctrine of antibiosis - the phenomenon of antagonism and deadly struggle of microorganisms with each other: some types of bacteria suppress the vital activity of others with the help of specific substances released by microorganisms into the environment - antibiotics.
Medicine of the 20th century

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You should know it
All medications have side effects, take medications only as prescribed by your doctor. Read the instructions for the medicine carefully. Medicines are taken at the time specified by the doctor or instructions. You cannot take medications with tea, compote, mineral water, etc. Take medications with water only.

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A trip to the first aid kit.
Every person in the course of his life has to open a first aid kit and use such well-known medicines as an alcohol solution of iodine and brilliant green. Are you sure you are using them correctly? Let's check?!

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Find out when to use iodine
It may seem that these drugs differ only in color, but this is a big misconception. Both are antiseptics. Iodine dries out the treated tissues, and if consumed excessively, it can easily burn them. Therefore, iodine is used to treat scratches, as well as the skin around wounds for disinfection, and in cases where it is necessary to dry the skin. In addition, iodine is used whenever it is necessary to stimulate blood flow to soft tissues - primarily in the case of various bruises and sprains. For this purpose, a so-called iodine mesh is applied to the surface of intact skin - I assume you know this.

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When is brilliant green used?
Zelenka is also an antiseptic, but weaker and softer, but it slightly stimulates wound healing and does not dry out the skin. You should use brilliant green, and not iodine, when treating visible surfaces (the size of a five-ruble coin and larger), as well as sensitive skin (for example, infants). Zelenka prevents the rotting of wounds.

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And now you are given a task
After a fracture, the doctor prescribed a calcium supplement to the patient after a fracture and offered a choice of three drugs: gluconate 2Ca * H2O, lactate 2Ca * 5H2O and calcium glycerophosphate CaP3OC3H5(OH)2 * 2H2O (whichever one will be on sale). The pharmacy said they had all three in stock and they cost the same. We need to help the patient choose the right medicine.

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Conclusion.
“Health depends much more on our habits and nutrition than on the art of medicine and medicine.” D. Lebbock "Health is as contagious as disease." R. Rolland Be healthy!

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Literature
1. Rudzitis G.E. Chemistry. Organic chemistry. 10th grade: textbook for general education institutions: basic level / G.E. Rudzitis, F.G. Feldman. - 13th ed. - M. : Education, 2009.-192 p.: ill.- ISBN 978-5-09-020531-3 2. . Gabrielyan O.S., Voskoboynikova N.P., Yashukova A.V. Teacher's handbook. Chemistry. 8th grade: Methodological manual [Text]/ O.S. Gabrielyan, N.P. Voskoboynikova, A.V. Yashukova. – M.: Bustard, 2009. – 265 pp.: ill. 3..http://900igr.net/kartinki/meditsina/Lekarstva/Lekarstva.html

The great ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (460-377 BC) looked for the causes of diseases no longer in evil spirits, but in the environment, climate, lifestyle and diet. It was he who “grounded” medicine, calling to treat not the disease, but the patient. He created the doctrine of four vital fluids - blood, mucus, black and yellow bile, the predominance of one of which in the body determines, according to Hippocrates, human temperament. Thus, a sanguine person (from the Latin sanguinis - blood) is a sociable, fast, easily changing, agile, “fluid” person, with rich facial expressions and gestures; phlegmatic (from Latin phlegma - mucus) - slow, “viscous”, imperturbable, calm, not showing feelings; choleric (from Latin chole - bile) - unbalanced, hot-tempered, unrestrained; melancholic (from the Latin melanos - black, burnt and chole - bile) - restrained and slow, easily tired and vulnerable, withdrawn into himself.

In addition to preventive measures, causes of diseases and their diagnosis, Hippocrates described more than two hundred medicinal plants and methods of their use. No wonder he is called the father of medicine.

In addition to Hippocrates, the Roman physician Claudius Galen (129-201), who laid the foundation for “pharmaceutical science” - pharmacology, had a huge influence on the development of medicine. He widely used various extracts from medicinal plants, infusing them with water, wine or vinegar. Alcohol extracts and tinctures are widely used in modern medicine. To this day, pharmacists call them “galenic drugs.”

A large number of medicinal preparations of plant and mineral origin and methods of their preparation are described in the writings of the great Central Asian physician of the Middle Ages, Abu Ali Ibn Sina - Avicenna (980-1037). Many of these remedies: camphor, henbane preparations, rhubarb, etc. - are still used successfully.

Avicenna's works laid the foundation for the emergence of iatrochemistry (from the Greek iatros - doctor) - medical, medicinal chemistry, the founder of which was the Swiss naturalist Theophrastus Paracelsus (1493-1541), who amazingly combined a talented doctor and alchemist.

Relying entirely on his knowledge of chemistry, Paracelsus sharply abandoned the classical views on medicine of Galen and Avicenna. He believed that life is based on chemical processes, and diseases are the result of their disruption in the body, which Paracelsus compared to a large retort. Considering the body a chemical “reactor,” he began to use mineral waters and numerous chemicals to treat diseases: compounds of antimony, arsenic, copper, lead, mercury and other elements.

Paracelsus laid the foundations of medicinal chemistry and opened a new direction in science. Paracelsus’ statement about the enormous importance of the amount of drug used is still relevant: “Everything is poison, nothing is without poison, and everything is medicine. Only the dose makes a substance a poison or a medicine.”

What do we have in Russia? From ancient manuscripts it is known that in 1547 Tsar Ivan the Terrible sent an ambassador to the “German land” to bring “a master for the production of alum”, which was used to treat 01 non-shot wounds, various diseases and tumors. Under Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich (1613-1645), the medical staff of the royal court consisted of seven doctors, 13 doctors, 4 pharmacists and 3 alchemists. Doctors and healers determined the disease and the method of treating it, pharmacists sold simple medicines and, at the direction of the doctors, prepared complex ones. Alchemists prepared ordinary medicines in a chemical laboratory at the direction of pharmacists, and took part in “biting” - a kind of examination and testing of new medicines. After 100 years, the name “alchemist” was replaced by “chemist”.

By the 19th century Methods for obtaining, purifying and analyzing chemicals have significantly improved. Paracelsus' ideas about the chemical nature of biological processes were confirmed by new facts. Thus, Humphry Davy, studying nitric oxide (1) N20, discovered that inhaling small quantities of this gaseous substance causes intoxication, causeless joy and convulsive laughter, while inhaling large quantities (remember Paracelsus’s ideas about the importance of dose!) relieves toothache. Even larger amounts of nitric oxide(1) put a person into a state of anesthesia - complete loss of sensitivity and consciousness. Davy's discovery of the anesthetic, i.e., pain-relieving, properties of this substance made it possible to use it in surgical practice. Chemists still call nitric oxide(1) “laughing gas.” The development of Galen's ideas and the search for "active principles" - the active components of medicinal plants responsible for their healing properties - were crowned with success. At the beginning of the 19th century. The first alkaloids were discovered - biologically active nitrogen-containing organic compounds of plant origin.

Alkaloids are organic bases, which determined the name of this group of substances (from the Latin alkali - alkali and the Greek eidos - species). In 1803, opium alkaloids (Latin opium, Greek opion - poppy dream) - the dried milky juice of the opium poppy - were discovered. From this mixture of alkaloids, in 1806, one of them was isolated in its pure form - morphine, named after the god of sleep Morpheus. In its analgesic and hypnotic effect on the body, it is similar to opium. A little later, an alkaloid with a stimulating effect, caffeine, which is also found in the fruits (beans) of the coffee tree and in the seeds of the cola tree, was isolated from the leaves of the tea tree, and in 1820, the alkaloid quinine was isolated from the bark of the cinchona tree, an effective remedy for fight against malaria. Cocaine, which exhibits anesthetic properties, was obtained from the leaves of the coca tree (bush), and atropine, which relieves (i.e., stops) attacks of bronchial asthma, was obtained from the belladonna root.

Isolated alkaloids have become increasingly used as medicinal, mainly painkillers. The work of organic chemists made it possible to establish the structure of alkaloids and develop methods for their preparation.

Chloroform (trichloromethane) CHCl3, sulfuric (diethyl) ether C2H5OC2H5, nitroglycerin (glycerol trinitrate), which alleviates suffering from “angina pectoris” - angina pectoris, and salicylic (o-hydroxybenzoic) acid, which has an anti-inflammatory effect, were synthesized and used for medical practice.

In the second half of the 19th century. in the works of the outstanding French scientist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) they found brilliant confirmation of Avicenna’s idea about “the smallest animals” that cause and transmit diseases. Nowadays, even a child is familiar with the words “bacteria”, “microbe”, “virus”.

Paracelsus “The real purpose of chemistry is not to make gold, but to prepare medicines. ” (1493-1541) Paracelsus (real name Philip Aureolus Theophrastus Bombast von Hohenheim (Hohenheim), also Hohenheim) (born at the end of 1493 in the city of Einsiedeln, canton of Schwyz, died September 24, 1541 in Salzburg) - famous alchemist , doctor and occultist. He is also credited with naming zinc.

Medicines have been known to man since ancient times. One of the Egyptian papyri (17th century BC) describes herbal medicines (for example, castor oil)

The great ancient Greek scientist Hippocrates (460-377 BC) looked for the causes of diseases no longer in evil spirits, but in the environment, climate, lifestyle and diet. It was he who “grounded” medicine, calling to treat not the disease, but the patient

What about in Russia? From ancient manuscripts it is known that in 1547 Tsar Ivan the Terrible sent an ambassador to the “German land” to bring “a master for the production of alum”, which was used to treat gunshot wounds, various diseases and tumors

Remember! Interaction with other medicines May strengthen or weaken the effect of the medicine. Condition of the body If you have liver or kidney disease, medications are used with caution. Peculiarities of the profession: Attention and reaction speed may decrease, and drowsiness may appear. Drivers and workers responsible for people’s lives should not take such medications.

Dosage forms

Substances that affect the human psyche are not at all an invention of our days. Since time immemorial, doctors have used opium, and then morphine, as an analgesic, sleeping pill and sedative, but since then it has been well known that it must be used with great caution. A person who has taken morphine several times becomes addicted to it; he can no longer do without it.

Morphine Morphine is one of the main alkaloids of opium. Morphine has low (about 26%) bioavailability when taken enterally (by mouth). When administered intravenously, morphine is intensively absorbed by tissues; within 10 minutes after intravenous administration, 96-98% of morphine disappears from the systemic circulation. Peak concentrations after intramuscular administration are observed after 7-20 minutes. The agonistic effect of morphine on opiate receptors is accompanied by a decrease in the level of consciousness, a feeling of warmth, drowsiness and euphoria (some individuals develop dysphoria upon initial administration of the drug).

Aspirin Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is a drug that has analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet effects. White small needle-shaped crystals or light crystalline powder, slightly soluble in water at room temperature, soluble in hot water, easily soluble in alcohol, solutions of caustic and carbonated alkalis.

Antibiotics are powerful weapons. Once in the body, they destroy not only pathogenic, but also beneficial microorganisms, for example, intestinal microflora. In addition, pathogenic microbes, in turn, acquire resistance to antibiotics “familiar” to them, and they actively help the body fight the disease, allowing it to “relax”, gradually reducing the level of immunity, weakening its own protective reactions.

Penicillin Penicillin is one of the main representatives of the group of antibiotics; the drug has a wide range of bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects (of the penicillin preparations, benzylpenicillin is the most active).

It's just a matter of dose!!! Medicines, although useful, are harmful!