Presentation on the topic of bacterial outbreaks. Epidemiology

Epidemics Epidemics

An epidemic is a massive spread of infectious diseases among people. If an epidemic spreads beyond the borders of one state, then this phenomenon is called a PANDEMIC

Infectious diseases are a group of diseases caused by viruses, bacteria and fungi. The direct cause of an infectious disease is the introduction of pathogenic pathogens into the human body and their interaction with the cells and tissues of the body. Sometimes the occurrence of an infectious disease can be caused by the ingestion of toxins from pathogens into the body, mainly through food. Most infectious diseases are characterized by periodic development. The following periods of disease development are distinguished:

The incubation period is the period of time from the moment of infection until the appearance of the first symptoms of infection. The initial period is accompanied by general manifestations of an infectious disease: malaise, chills, fever, headache, and sometimes nausea. Periods of development The period of the main manifestations of the disease is characterized by infectious diseases by the appearance of the most specific symptoms of the disease. During this period, the patient’s death may occur, or, if the body has coped with the action of the pathogen, the disease moves into the next period of recovery. The period of extinction of the symptoms of the disease (recovery) is characterized by the gradual disappearance of the main symptoms. Clinical recovery almost never coincides with the complete restoration of the body’s vital functions. Recovery can be complete when all impaired body functions are restored, or incomplete if residual effects persist.

Prevention of infectious diseases. Eliminating the source of infection (disinfection) Increasing the immunity of people and animals (immunization) Eliminating routes of transmission of infection

Mechanisms (paths) of transmission of infections: Airborne dust Contact household Transmissible (through transmitters: insects and rodents) Through food and water

Elimination of the source of infection (disinfection) includes the following measures: Disinfection - destruction of pathogenic microorganisms and their metabolic products - toxins.

Disinsection - destruction of insects

Deratization - destruction of rodents.

Excluding routes of transmission of infection Quarantine is a set of measures aimed at limiting contacts of an infected person Observation is medical observation of healthy people isolated in a special room who have had contact with sick people

Increasing the immunity of people and animals (immunization) Immunity is the body's immunity to infectious and non-infectious agents. Such agents can be bacteria, viruses, some toxic substances of plant and animal origin and other products foreign to the body. There are two main types of immunity: innate and acquired. Innate immunity is inherited, like other genetic traits. Acquired immunity occurs as a result of an infectious disease or after vaccination. There are active and passively acquired immunity. Actively acquired immunity occurs as a result of a previous illness or after vaccination. Passively acquired immunity can be created artificially by introducing into the body antibodies (immunoglobulins) obtained from people or animals who have recovered from any infectious disease or from vaccinated people.

Homework Read paragraph 5.3 In a notebook, write down groups of infectious diseases (with examples) In writing in a notebook - give examples of the most common infectious diseases and give them a brief description. FOR EXAMPLE: Diphtheria - characterized by a special inflammation of the nasopharynx and larynx, poisoning of the body, damage to the nervous, urinary and cardiovascular systems.

Introduction Epidemic (Greek ἐπιδημία - general disease) is the widespread spread of any infectious disease (plague, smallpox, typhoid, cholera, diphtheria, scarlet fever, measles, influenza). Infectious diseases are widespread throughout the world and are caused by various microorganisms. “Contagious” diseases have been known since ancient times; information about them can be found in the oldest written monuments: in the Indian Vedas, the works of Ancient China and Ancient Egypt.

Despite all protective measures, since the beginning of the 21st century, every country in the world has had at least one epidemic. The largest in recent times is the H 1 N 1 flu (which was originally called swine flu, then renamed due to its unreasonableness and unpleasant consequences for agriculture). In fact, it was a pandemic: the disease spread across the planet from Brazil to Iceland and claimed about 284 thousand lives.

A mysterious story that took place in Philadelphia (USA, Pennsylvania) in the summer of 1976 became widely known. Then 182 participants in the convention of the American Legion organization were struck by an unknown disease. 29 of them died. In this regard, newspapers wrote about secret tests of biological weapons, about bacteriological sabotage by the intelligence services of Eastern European countries, assumptions and hints were made. Later, it was possible to establish a reliable cause of Legionnaires' disease. It turned out to be a natural bacterium, given the Latin name Legionella, which acquired the ability to multiply in ordinary household air conditioners. Sporadic cases and dozens of epidemiological outbreaks continue to be detected annually in various regions. One recent example is a major epidemic among visitors to a flower auction in Holland (1999), during which 188 people fell ill, of whom 16 died. And here there are no air conditioners.

In the mid-60s. last century, Ebola fever was first registered - one of the most terrible viral diseases, leaving almost no hope for recovery for the sick person (the mortality rate from it is 50-90%). The rare survivors are prohibited from communicating with others, and their property is burned. Humanity has already experienced several epidemics of this disease (in Zaire, Uganda). Two years ago, Africa is currently experiencing an Ebola epidemic. The deadly virus has killed nearly 700 people, and several countries have effectively closed their borders.

AIDS was transmitted to humans from chimpanzees. It is believed that this also happened during hunting and working with an infected body - the simian immunodeficiency virus ended up in the human body and mutated into the form that is now called HIV. Today on our planet, about 15-17 thousand people become infected with the human immunodeficiency virus every day, i.e. 1 person every 67 seconds. Moreover, what is very important, about half of them are young people aged 15 to 24 years. The HIV pandemic has captured all countries and continents, and it has not spared Russia. 20 years after its appearance, more than 60 million people on the planet are carriers of HIV infection (the first stage of fatal AIDS).

The newest infection on the list of candidate epidemics of the 21st century, Middle East respiratory syndrome, was discovered along with the first case of infection in Saudi Arabia in 2012. The first outbreak of the then new disease showed a mortality rate of 50%. By October 2013, there were already 145 cases of MERS in the world with a mortality rate of up to 40%. The virus was in full force in South Korea. The first case of MERS in the new outbreak was recorded on May 20, 2015. At the moment, the epidemic in the country has been practically suppressed, but single infections do not allow the Seoul authorities to consider the incident over. According to South Korean authorities, MERS has infected 183 people and caused 33 deaths, with more than 2,000 people in quarantine.

Instead of concluding, I would like to quote a memo from the World Health Organization regarding the prevention of swine flu. Among other instructions, it recommends “washing your hands thoroughly and often with soap and water, and adopting a healthy lifestyle, including getting enough sleep, eating healthy foods, and being physically active.” The memo also urges you to refrain from contact with people who show signs of illness (fever, cough). At the first manifestation of symptoms, you should consult a doctor, avoid contact with loved ones and refrain from visiting work or public places. These tips remain useful regardless of whether this or that dangerous disease is raging somewhere nearby or on the other side of the world. Compliance with the rules of basic hygiene and common sense is in most cases enough to maintain your health. Even Michel de Nostredame in the middle of the 16th century “treated” people from the bubonic plague with useless lavender tablets, ordering them to perform normal hygiene procedures before taking them. People began to take baths, wash their hands before eating, and make fresh beds every day. From the settlements and towns where Nostradamus carried out his medical activities, the plague retreated. The secret, as you understand, is not in the pills.

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Introduction

The long history of mankind is inseparable from the history of numerous epidemics that constantly accompanied it on planet Earth, and the number of their victims sometimes significantly exceeded all losses during military operations. Throughout its existence, the human race has been plagued by all kinds of epidemics of various diseases. It is obvious that the worse living conditions and poor health of some population groups, both in the poorest and non-poor countries, create conditions for the emergence, development and spread of infectious diseases. Today, people are threatened by “old and new” infectious diseases, for which doctors have developed and are implementing research programs aimed at protecting people from infections.

The work will examine the history of global human epidemics in order to understand the seriousness of the problem and use the experience of previous generations in the fight against epidemics.

Whatsuchepidemic

An epidemic is a widespread spread of any disease, initially an infectious disease (plague, smallpox, typhoid, cholera, diphtheria, scarlet fever, measles, influenza).

The epidemic process consists of continuous transmission of the disease in a community. For an epidemic process to occur, three factors are necessary:

The source of the causative agent of an infectious process or the cause of a non-infectious disease;

Transmission mechanisms;

People susceptible to the disease.

The occurrence and course of epidemics is influenced by both processes occurring in natural conditions (natural focality, epizootics, etc.) and social factors (municipal improvement, living conditions, health care, etc.).

Epidemics and methods of combating them are studied by a branch of medicine called epidemiology.

For all infectious diseases, from the moment of conception to the appearance of the first visible signs of the disease, a certain time passes, called the incubation period. The duration of this period varies for different infections - from several hours to several months. Depending on the nature of the disease, the main mechanisms of transmission of the infectious agent during an epidemic may be:

fecal-oral, realized through water, food or household contact (for example, with dysentery and typhoid fever);

airborne (for example, with influenza);

transmissible (for malaria and typhus);

contact (for AIDS, rabies).

The largestepidemics

global epidemic pneumonia

The Justinian Plague, which originated in the Eastern Roman Empire and spread throughout the Middle East. More than 20 million people died from this epidemic.

The Black Death was an epidemic of bubonic plague that swept through medieval Europe in the 14th century. Killed 50 million people.

“Spanish flu” (“Spanish flu”). As a result of the epidemic, after the First World War, out of 200 million people infected, 41.8 million people died.

Storyepidemics

In ancient times, epidemics were perceived by people as God's punishment, sent down for their many sins. Thus, even in Muslim mythology, there is a legend about how Pharaoh Firaun and his people were punished for their disobedience to God during the prophecy of Musa (Moses). As a result of the pestilence - an unknown disease allegedly sent by the Almighty - many ordinary people close to Firaun died in Egypt, including his own son. There are many cases in history when entire cities and even countries died out as a result of epidemics. Some of these misfortunes looked very mysterious. For example, the terrible epidemic that broke out in Athens in 451 BC. e. during the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta, which claimed the lives of one third of the entire population of Athens within a year, which is why, in fact, they were defeated. On the seventh or ninth day, the patients died from internal heat. The disease that engulfed Athens disappeared as suddenly as it appeared, remaining a mystery to doctors and historians to this day. The spread of infections and the emergence of epidemics were facilitated by a new sedentary lifestyle of humans, the development of agriculture and cattle breeding, and an increase in population density. The first documented epidemic, known as the Justinian Plague, occurred in the 6th century. in the Byzantine Empire and covered many countries, killing about 100 million people over half a century. Certain regions of Europe, such as Italy, were almost depopulated and became easy prey for conquerors. Coming out of Egypt, the plague devastated almost all the countries of the Mediterranean and persisted here for about 60 years. At the height of the pandemic, in 542, many hundreds of people died daily in Constantinople alone. In general, one of the most terrible and destructive epidemics in human history was the plague pandemic.

The second pandemic occurred about six centuries ago. Then the bubonic plague was raging, which, according to various sources, then destroyed approximately a third of the population of Asia and almost half of the population of Europe. Unfortunately, even after more than 600 years, the plague has not been completely defeated. Only in the 20th century. More than 13 million people worldwide have died from this disease. Even in Egyptian papyrus 4 thousand years BC. e. described such a terrible disease as smallpox. Traces of smallpox virus infection were found on the mummy of the Egyptian pharaoh Ramses V, who lived in the 12th century. BC e. In the past, smallpox was the most dangerous and widespread disease. For centuries it raged in Asia, from where, according to historians, in the 6th century. n. e. the Saracens brought it to Europe. During epidemics, smallpox affected everyone, regardless of age or position in society. According to available data, it caused the death of Russian Emperor Peter II, Austrian Emperor Joseph, Kings of France Louis XIV, Louis XV, King of the Netherlands William II of Orange, Queen Anne of England.

At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, malaria began to plague humanity on a huge scale. Thus, in pre-revolutionary Russia, about 5 million people fell ill with malaria every year. During the civil war and in the next few years, malaria became a real scourge in our country. In 1923, in some areas of the Caucasus and Turkestan, a very real threat of complete extinction arose. During the Second World War, in the British and American troops operating at that time in the southwestern zone of the Pacific Ocean, mortality from malaria exceeded combat losses. And even today, about 0.5 billion people fall ill with malaria every year, of which 1 to 2.7 million die.

At the beginning of the last century, an epidemic of typhoid fever broke out. Over 180 thousand new patients were registered annually. During the Second World War, typhus also regained its former strength. In Russia alone, over 70 percent of the population of some German-occupied territories suffered from it. Often in the 20th century. Cholera was gathering its terrible harvest. The largest outbreak of this disease occurred during World War II. But cholera did not subside even in peacetime. Also memorable are the outbreaks of the epidemic that emerged in 1970 in the USSR in a number of southern cities.

Since the first quarter of the last century, mass diseases of yellow fever began to occur frequently. In Sudan in 1940, over 15 thousand cases of disease were registered, of which more than 10% were fatal. In 1960, 8 thousand people died from this disease in Ethiopia. Then yellow fever epidemics spread not only to traditionally endemic areas with a hot, humid climate (Africa, South America), but also to a number of other countries. The smallpox epidemic in Japan (VIII-XIX centuries) became one of the reasons for the triumphant spread of Buddhism. However, much more often, xenophobia and cruelty became accompaniments of epidemics. For example, AIDS was at first considered exclusively a “disease of homosexuals”, not dangerous for ordinary people. Therefore, the first name of the “plague of the twentieth century” was “Lack of immunity transmitted by homosexuals” (Gay Related Immune Deficiency). At the end of the 15th century. The first epidemic was recorded, which can be considered a side effect of the great geographical discoveries - the beginning of the process of globalization. The causative agent of syphilis, the pale spirochete, came to Europe from the recently discovered America. It was the worst of the sexually transmitted diseases. The authority of religion in society increased sharply - because syphilis was considered a punishment from God for sinners.

EpidemicsVthe neweststories

At the cost of enormous sacrifices and efforts, humanity has learned to fight many diseases. A mysterious story that occurred in Philadelphia in the summer of 1976 became widely known. Then 182 participants in the convention of the American Legion organization were struck by an unknown disease. 29 of them died. Later, it was possible to establish a reliable cause of Legionnaires' disease. It turned out to be a natural bacterium, given the Latin name Legionella, which acquired the ability to multiply in ordinary household air conditioners. One recent example is a major epidemic among visitors to a flower auction in Holland (1999), during which 188 people fell ill, of whom 16 died. And here there are no air conditioners.

In the mid-60s. last century, Ebola fever was first registered - one of the most terrible viral diseases, leaving almost no hope for recovery for the sick person (the mortality rate from it is 50-90%). The rare survivors are prohibited from communicating with others, and their property is burned. Humanity has already experienced several epidemics of this disease (in Zaire, Uganda). But especially dangerous at the end of the 20th century. the spread of the AIDS epidemic, which has now become a pandemic. Today on our planet, about 15-17 thousand people become infected with the human immunodeficiency virus every day, i.e. 1 person every 6-7 seconds. Moreover, what is very important, about half of them are young people aged 15 to 24 years. The HIV pandemic has captured all countries and continents, and it has not spared Russia. 20 years after its appearance, more than 60 million people on the planet are carriers of HIV infection (the first stage of fatal AIDS). Terrible epidemics on our planet do not stop today. After the shock of AIDS, an unusual disease appeared that struck the inhabitants of the island of Madagascar. The symptoms of the disease, which has affected several thousand people and claimed hundreds of lives, are similar to those of the common cold, but the person may not survive even two days. One strange feature was noted here - the disease mostly affected people of one ethnic group. This is atypical pneumonia.

Finally, quite recently, dozens of people became infected with “bird flu” from infected birds, many of whom died. The mortality rate from this virus is 80%, which is significantly higher than even the plague or smallpox. Scientists believe that this virus is thousands of times more dangerous than what we call “SARS”, the lethality of which is not so great.

At the beginning of the 21st century, we were faced with a new phenomenon - bioterrorism. As in the case of natural epidemics, humanity was unprepared for such a new terrible scenario. This was the first effective bioterrorist action with the deliberate use of the causative agent of a particularly dangerous infection - anthrax (Bacillus anthracis).

One of the phenomena of globalization is the sexual revolution and the unlimited exploitation of people in the sexual services market. These processes have serious consequences for the health of people infected with AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases.

Conclusion

Despite the vast experience of mankind, the “old” infectious diseases - smallpox and plague - still pose a great danger to people. Smallpox today could be revived in a variety of ways, including jumping to humans from the great apes. Even a “banal” flu today can cause severe epidemics or even pandemics. Taking into account that approximately every 30 years new and more “dangerous” flu mutants appear on the planet, scientists expect the arrival in the first decade of the 21st century of a new pathogen that can cause a severe epidemic like the “Spanish flu”. It is necessary to join forces to counter the threat of epidemics of “old and new” infectious diseases. A special place in the spread of infectious diseases is occupied by patterns of changes in the social status and behavior of the population, for example, due to the spread of alcohol and drug addiction. Finally, for a number of indicators and reasons, AIDS remains today one of the main real problems facing humanity, the solution to which has not yet been found.

The economic damage from infectious diseases is enormous, and experts find it difficult to even give approximate figures for global damage. The fact is that epidemics cause both direct and indirect damage, which is most difficult to assess.

Listliterature

Voronkov N.A. Fundamentals of general ecology. - M., 2009.

Girusov E.V. Fundamentals of social ecology. M., 2010.

Gorelov A.A. Ecology. M., 2006

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Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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An epidemic is a massive spread of an infectious disease of people, progressing in time and space within a certain region, significantly exceeding the incidence rate usually recorded in a given territory. An epidemic, as an emergency, has a focus of infection and stay of people sick with an infectious disease, or a territory within which, within a certain time frame, it is possible to infect people and farm animals with pathogens of an infectious disease. PICTURE OF THE PLAGUE IN NAPLES IN 1656 shows the devastating effects of the Black Death (Museum of San Martino, Naples.)

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The basis of an epidemic caused by social and biological factors is the epidemic process, that is, the continuous process of transmission of the infectious agent and a continuous chain of successively developing and interconnected infectious conditions (disease, bacterial carriage). Sometimes the spread of the disease has the nature of a pandemic, that is, it covers the territories of several countries or continents under certain natural or social and hygienic conditions. A relatively high incidence rate can be recorded in a certain area for a long period. The occurrence and course of an epidemic is influenced by processes occurring in natural conditions (natural focality, epizootics, etc.). so and so. mainly social factors (communal amenities, living conditions, health care conditions, etc.).

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Depending on the nature of the disease, the main routes of spread of infection during an epidemic can be: - water and food, for example, with dysentery and typhoid fever; - airborne droplets (for influenza); - transmissible - for malaria and typhus; - several routes of transmission of the infectious agent often play a role.

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Epidemics are one of the most destructive natural phenomena for humans. Statistics show that infectious diseases claim more lives than wars. Chronicles and chronicles have brought to our times descriptions of monstrous pandemics that devastated vast territories and killed millions of people. Some infectious diseases are unique to humans: Asiatic cholera, smallpox, typhoid fever, typhus, etc. There are also diseases common to humans and animals: anthrax, glanders, foot-and-mouth disease, psitacosis, tularemia, etc.

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1347-1351 - second plague pandemic in Eurasia. 25 million people died in Europe and 50 million people in Asia. 1380 - 25 million people died from the plague in Europe.

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1848 - in Russia, more than 1.7 million people fell ill with cholera, of which about 700 thousand people died. - 1876 - in Germany, every eighth resident of the country died from tuberculosis - The end of the 19th century - the third plague pandemic, spread by rats from sea ships, affected more than 100 ports in many countries of the world

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1918-1919 - the influenza pandemic in Europe killed more than 21 million people - 1921 - in Russia 33 thousand people died from typhus, and 3 thousand people from relapsing typhus - 1967 - about 10 million people worldwide fell ill with smallpox , 2 million of whom died. The World Health Organization is launching a large-scale vaccination campaign. - 1981 - discovery of the disease AIDS - 1991 - about 500 thousand people with AIDS were discovered in the world. - In 1996, the incidence of AIDS in Russia, compared to 1995, doubled. Every day, 6,500 adults and 1,000 children worldwide become infected with the AIDS virus. By 2000, 30-40 million people are expected to be infected with this terrible disease - Tick-borne encephalitis showed unexpected activity in Russia in 1996. Its incidence increased by 62%; 9,436 people fell ill in 35 constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

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If a source of infectious infection occurs in the affected area, quarantine or observation is introduced. Permanent quarantine measures are also carried out by customs at state borders. Quarantine is a system of anti-epidemic and security measures aimed at completely isolating the source of infection from the surrounding population and eliminating infectious diseases in it. Armed guards are installed around the outbreak; entry and exit, as well as the removal of property, are prohibited. Supplies are made through special points under strict medical supervision.

The infectious process is a set of physiological (protective)
and pathological reactions,
arising in response to exposure
pathogenic microorganism

preconditions

Epidemic

pandemic

the intensity of the epidemic depends

the intensity of the epidemic depends

the intensity of the epidemic depends

the intensity of the epidemic depends

the intensity of the epidemic depends

History of epidemics and pandemics

History of epidemics and pandemics

Justinian plague

Bubonic plague

Bubonic plague

1981 - 2006 AIDS epidemic

AIDS epidemic

2003 Bird Flu epidemic

2009 Swine flu pandemic A/H1N1-Mexican

Artificial epidemics

History of biological weapons

History of biological weapons

History of biological weapons

links in the epidemiological chain

Mechanisms of transmission

Mechanisms of transmission

Mechanisms of transmission

Mechanisms of transmission

Mechanisms of transmission

conclusion

Features of the prevention of infectious diseases

1. destruction of microorganisms

2. Impact on transmission routes Human immunity Exam questions