Structure of the respiratory organs presentation. Lesson presentation on the topic: "Respiratory organs: structure and functions"

Lesson objectives:

• Educational:
  • study the structural features of the respiratory organs in connection with their functions;
  • reveal the essence of the breathing process, its significance in metabolism;
  • find out the mechanisms of voice formation;
• Educational:
  • continue to formulate the basics of hygiene (breathing hygiene rules);
  • develop research skills through conducting educational experiments;
• Educational:
  • cultivate a caring attitude towards your body, your health, and the health of others;
  • draw an analogy: breathing is life; human lungs are the lungs of our planet (plant world).

A healthy planet means a healthy person!

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Organizational moment

II. Updating of reference knowledge

It is possible to show a fragment of a video film on the topic.

– What is breathing?

– Does the structure of an organ affect the function it performs?
We will try to find answers to all these and many other questions in today’s lesson.

III. Learning new material

Application. Slide number 7.

Respiratory system comprises airways(cavities and tubes connected in series) and respiratory part.
TO airways include the nasal cavity and nasopharynx (upper respiratory tract), larynx, trachea and bronchi.
Respiratory part- these are the lungs and the connective tissue membrane - the pleura.

Application. Slide number 8.

Respiratory system

– Here is a table that we will try to fill out as we study new material. Redraw it, please. (It’s better to print out the table in advance and distribute it so as not to waste precious lesson time on this)

Application. Slide number 9.

Upper respiratory tract

During normal breathing, air necessarily passes through the external nostrils into the nasal cavity, which is divided into two halves by the osteochondral septum. In each half there are tortuous nasal passages, increasing the surface of the nasal cavity. Their walls are lined with a mucous membrane containing numerous cells of ciliated (ciliated) epithelium.

In an adult, the mucous membrane secretes 0.5 liters of mucus per day.

Its function is to humidify the inhaled air, trap dust particles and microorganisms settling on the walls of the cavity. Mucus contains substances that kill microbes or prevent their reproduction (lysozyme enzyme and white blood cells). Numerous blood vessels branch under the mucous membrane, so even mild injuries to the nose are accompanied by heavy bleeding. These choroid plexuses warm the inhaled air to body temperature. The nasal cavity connects to the cavities in the bones of the skull: the maxillary, frontal and sphenoid. They serve not only to warm the incoming air, but also act as resonators for voice formation. The nasal cavities are equipped with sensitive cells that provide a protective function: the sneezing reflex. The nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx through the internal nostrils - choanae, and from there into the larynx.

Application. Slide number 10. Nasal breathing hygiene

1. It is recommended to breathe through the nose, because... When breathing through the mouth, cold air enters the lungs, which is the cause of colds.
2. A sick person who does not follow the rules of hygiene becomes a source of infection.

(After explaining the structure and functions of a particular organ, you can check the correctness of filling out the table, or you can highlight this as independent work, as a reinforcement of material, or as homework)

Application. Slide number 11.

Observations

“Check the air passage through the nasal passages”

Let's close one nasal passage and bring a light piece of cotton wool to the other. A stream of air will throw it away when you exhale, and press it against the nasal opening when you inhale. This technique can be demonstrated on a subject.
Conclusion: During normal breathing, air necessarily passes through the external nostrils into the nasal cavity.

Application. Slide number 12.

Larynx

The larynx is like a funnel, the walls of which are formed by cartilage.
The larynx cavity is lined with mucous membrane and is equipped with receptors - reflex cough.
The entrance to the larynx during swallowing is closed by the epiglottic cartilage.
The largest cartilage is the thyroid cartilage, which protects the larynx in front.
The vocal cords are stretched between the cartilages, and between the cords there is a glottis.
Thus, the function of the larynx is to conduct air into the trachea, participate in voice formation and prevent the penetration of harmful substances into the respiratory tract.

Application. Slide number 13.

Observation

1. Prove that when swallowing, the thyroid cartilage rises upward.
Feel the thyroid cartilage and make a swallowing movement. Make sure that the cartilage goes up and then returns to its original place.
Conclusion: with this movement, the epiglottis closes the entrance to the trachea and along it, like a bridge, saliva or a food bolus moves into the esophagus.

2. Find out why breathing movements stop during swallowing.
Make another swallowing movement and make sure this fact is true.
Conclusion: the uvula closes the entrance to the nasal cavity, the epiglottis blocks the entrance to the trachea. As a result, air cannot enter the lungs at the time of swallowing.

Application. Slide number 14.

Sound formation

The person is silent - the glottis is triangular in shape and quite large.
The sound appears when the glottis is not completely closed and air passes through it, vibrating the vocal cords.
The shorter the vocal cords, the higher the sound. The final formation of sound occurs in the cavities of the pharynx, nasopharynx, mouth and nose (remember the sinuses?) and depends on the position of the lips, lower jaw and tongue.

Application. Slide number 15.

A phonogram of the word MAMA, which clearly shows that consonant sounds cause stronger vibration of the vocal cords than vowels.

Application. Slide number 16. Hygiene of the vocal apparatus

Screaming damages the vocal cords, which can cause inflammation and lead to hoarseness or loss of voice. When whispering, the ligaments relax and do not close completely. Frequent inflammation of the respiratory tract, smoking and alcohol have a negative effect on the voice-forming apparatus.

Application. Slide number 17

Trachea and bronchi

The larynx, a 10–12 cm tube, directly passes into the trachea, which is located in front of the esophagus. Its anterior wall is formed by cartilaginous half-rings, so the lumen of the trachea is always open.
The posterior wall is soft and adjacent to the esophagus.
Below, the trachea is divided into 2 bronchi. Both the trachea and the bronchi are lined with a mucous membrane that contains ciliated epithelium with glandular cells. Here the saturation of the air with water vapor and its purification continues.

Application. Slide number 18. Respiratory hygiene

1. Swallowing large pieces of food can cause choking and block the trachea.
2. During inflammatory processes, a cough occurs, which helps remove mucus from the respiratory tract.

Application. Slide number 19

Lungs

The lungs are a large paired cone-shaped organ. Externally covered with pulmonary pleura; The chest cavity is covered with parietal pleura, between them there is a pleural cavity that does not contain air. It is filled with liquid, which reduces friction when breathing. 100 liters of air pass through the lungs in 1 minute. What is the structure of the lung?

Application. Slide number 20.

Internal structure of the lung

The bronchi, having entered the lungs, continue to branch, forming bronchioles, at the ends of which there are clusters of thin-walled pulmonary vesicles - alveoli. The walls of the alveoli and capillaries are single-layered, which facilitates gas exchange. The epithelial cells of the alveoli secrete biologically active substances that form a surfactant, which prevents the alveoli from sticking together and neutralizes microorganisms that have entered the lungs.
The spent surfactant is digested by phagocytes or excreted as sputum.

Application. Slide number 21.Respiratory hygiene

In pulmonary diseases, surfactant may not be released, then the alveoli close and do not participate in gas exchange. Smoking disrupts the physiological properties of surfactant.

Application. Slide number 22This is interesting

• 300–350 million alveoli with a total area of ​​100 sq.m.
• Pulmonary capillary length – 7–8 µm
• Blood passes through the capillaries of the alveoli in 0.8 s, but hemoglobin has time to become saturated with oxygen

Application. Slide number 23

Observation

Find out how full breathing differs from shallow breathing.
Do you know how to breathe correctly? It turns out that this is very important, especially in winter and during the transitional winter-spring period, during the flu epidemic. According to experts, improper breathing significantly increases the likelihood of respiratory pathogens entering the body, which increases the risk of contracting the flu or a cold.
Many people breathe too quickly (the norm is 16 breaths per minute at rest) and shallowly, holding their inhalation and exhalation from time to time. This type of breathing is called shallow. As a result, the lungs do not have time to ventilate properly - fresh air enters only the outer sections, while most of the lung volume remains unclaimed, that is, the air in it is not renewed. And that’s all that viruses and bacteria need.
Full breathing is a combination of lower, middle and upper breathing. A person who constantly practices full breathing will have a broad chest - and any narrow-chested person can develop his chest to normal size.
Let's check if you are breathing correctly. To do this, place a watch with a second hand in front of you, sit comfortably, relax, straighten your shoulders. Count how many breaths you take in a minute. Follow the rhythm of breathing: the ratio of inhalation and exhalation, the placement of pauses in this cycle. Determine exactly how you breathe: actively relaxing your stomach - abdominal type of breathing, raising and lowering your chest - chest type, combining both - mixed type of breathing.
If you take less than 14 breaths per minute, great. Well-trained and resilient people usually breathe this way. You can rightfully be proud of yourself. By taking in the air deeply, you allow your lungs to expand, ventilate them perfectly, that is, make your respiratory system almost invulnerable to infectious agents.
A good result is considered to be from 14 to 18 breaths per minute. This is exactly how most practically healthy people breathe, who can get the flu or ARVI no more than 2 times a season.
More than 18 breaths per minute is already a serious cause for concern. With shallow and frequent breathing, only half of the inhaled air enters the lungs. This is clearly not enough to constantly update the pulmonary atmosphere.

Application. Slide No. 24 and 25. check yourself(material fastening)

It is necessary to connect the organ and the function it performs with arrows. This table can be printed to ensure that each student has completed it correctly.

Application. Slide number 26. check yourself(material fastening)

- Let's go back to the questions that were posed at the beginning of the lesson and try to answer them.
– What is breathing?
– Why do they say: breathing is life?
– Does the structure of an organ affect the function it performs? Etc.

(Based on the proposed drawings, each teacher will be able to create his own questions depending on the preparation of the class and the amount of time remaining, etc.)

Application. Slide number 27.Homework

Creative laboratory:

1. In what cases does nasal breathing become difficult? What are the consequences of this violation? Suggest a set of rules for respiratory hygiene.
2. Develop recommendations and a set of exercises to correct breathing.

Basic terms and definitions: Respiration Respiration is a set of processes that ensure the supply of oxygen, its use in the oxidation of organic substances and the removal of carbon dioxide and some other substances. Respiratory organs Respiratory organs are specialized organs for gas exchange between the body and the environment

Biological significance of respirationBiological significance of respiration: 1. Providing the body with oxygen. 2. Removal of carbon dioxide. 3. Oxidation of organic compounds of BZHU with the release of energy necessary for human life. 4. Removal of metabolic end products (water vapor, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, etc.)

Respiratory system Respiratory part Airways of successively interconnected cavities and tubes: 1) nasal cavity, 2) nasopharynx, 3) larynx, 4) trachea 5) bronchi. place where gas exchange occurs: 1) lungs 2) pleura - (connective tissue membrane)

Million alveoli with a total area of ​​100 sq.m 2. The length of the pulmonary capillary is 7-8 microns 3. Blood passes through the capillaries of the alveoli in 0.8 s, but hemoglobin has time to become saturated with oxygen This is interesting:

Organ 1. Nasal cavity 2. Larynx 3. Trachea and bronchi 4. Lungs 5. Pulmonary and parietal pleura Function a) contains fluid that reduces friction b) air humidification, dust retention c) ensures free passage of air d) formation of sounds, reflex cough e) gas exchange through the alveolocapillary membrane Test yourself

Organ Function performed a) b) c) d) e) Check yourself

To use presentation previews, create a Google account and log in to it: https://accounts.google.com

Slide captions:

Breathing is a vital process - a process of obtaining energy

“As long as I breathe, I hope” (Dum spiro, spero) Breath is a precious and protected thread” on which our lives depend.” A person can live without food for several weeks, without water for several days, and without breathing for no more than a minute. Why? . Roman poet OVID 43 BC. e.

Respiratory system Lungs Respiratory (air) tract Nasal cavity Nasopharynx Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi

Respiratory tract Upper Lower

Why did Homo sapiens develop a nose? After all, his ancestors didn’t have it? Without a nose, a person is God knows what - a bird is not a bird, a citizen is not a citizen. N.V.Gogol

Functions of the nasal cavity: Protective - cleanses and disinfects, warms and moisturizes incoming air Smell Participates in the formation of sounds

Nasal breathing hygiene Consultation with an ENT doctor (ENT) EAR - NOSE THROAT

Larynx Nasopharynx

Safety precautions when eating

Robertino Loretti Italian singer Voice education Alexander Gradsky Singer, artist, musician, composer...

Functions of the larynx Passage of air Formation of voice. Participates in the act of swallowing

Trachea and bronchi The trachea is a tube (10-15 cm) consisting of cartilaginous half-rings. The trachea is divided into two main bronchi - left and right, which have cartilaginous rings.

Respiratory hygiene Consultation with an ENT doctor (ENT) EAR - NOSE THROAT

1. Respiration is the process of providing cells with oxygen, necessary for biological oxidation, and removing carbon dioxide. 2. The human respiratory system consists of the airways and lungs.

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

"Breathing, its meaning. Structure and functions of the respiratory organs"

Lesson plan for the program for the basic educational school of N.I. Sonina, V.B. Zakharov, A.A. Pleshakov. Textbook "Biology. Man", 8th grade....

Structure of the respiratory organs

Biology teacher MBOU Secondary School No. 8

Krasny Sulin

Truscheleva Svetlana Semenovna

Key Concepts :

• Breath
• Gas exchange
• 3 functions of the respiratory system
• Organs of the respiratory system
• External breathing
• Tissue (or cellular) respiration

What do I know about this topic?

New, unknown

Respiration is the process of exchanging gases between the body and the environment.

The breathing process consists

of 4 stages:

• exchange of gases between the air and the lungs;
• exchange of gases between the lungs and blood;
• transport of gases by blood;
• gas exchange in tissues.

Respiratory system

only does the first part

gas exchange. Rest

performed by the organ system

blood circulation Between

respiratory and circulatory

systems there is deep

relationship.

Gas exchange

Gas exchange in the lungs (external respiration)

Gas exchange in tissues (cellular respiration)

• The human respiratory organs can be divided into two groups according to their functional characteristics: pneumatic or respiratory organs and gas exchange organs. : nasal cavity → nasopharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi. Organs of gas exchange: lungs.

• Ensuring gas exchange
• Participate in thermoregulation (when breathing, water evaporates from the surface of the lungs, which leads to cooling of the blood and the entire body)
• Voice formation (the lungs create air currents that vibrate the vocal cords of the larynx).

• Air purification
• Air humidification
• Air disinfection
• Warming the air
• Perception of smell (olfactory organ)

• Functions:

• breathing lower respiratory tract protection voice formation
• breath
• lower respiratory tract protection
• voicing

• Located at the level of IV-VI cervical vertebrae
• The entrance to the larynx is protected by a special semi-movable cartilage - the epiglottis.

The thyroid cartilage in men protrudes slightly forward, forming the Adam's apple. The narrow part of the larynx contains the vocal cords.

Trachea and bronchi - organs of the lower respiratory tract

Trachea

Structure: a wide tube 9-11 cm long, consisting of 16-20 cartilaginous half-rings on the soft side facing the esophagus. The inner wall of the trachea is covered with ciliated epithelium.

Functions: free passage of air into the lungs, removal of pollen particles from the lungs into the pharynx.

Bronchi

Structure: branching tubes of smaller diameter. They consist of cartilaginous rings that protect them from falling off during inhalation.

Functions: Supply of air to the alveoli of the lungs.

Lungs

Each lung is covered with a membrane - the pulmonary pleura. The chest cavity is also lined by a membrane - the parietal pleura. Between the parietal and pulmonary pleura there is a narrow gap - a pleural cavity filled with a thin layer of fluid, which facilitates the sliding of the pulmonary wall during inhalation and exhalation.

The human lungs are made up of tiny pulmonary sacs called alveoli.

The alveoli are intertwined with a network of blood vessels - capillaries. The alveoli are formed by epithelium, which secretes a special liquid that lines the alveoli with a thin film (surfactant). Its functions: reduces surface tension and prevents the alveoli from closing; kills germs that have entered the lungs. In the alveoli, gas exchange occurs between the blood and the surrounding air by diffusion.

Gas exchange in tissues

The oxygen content in tissue fluid is lower than in arterial blood, so oxygen from the capillaries enters the tissue fluid. From there it diffuses into cells, where it immediately enters into energy metabolism reactions (oxidizes organic compounds and releases energy), therefore, there is almost no free oxygen in the cells.

Energy metabolism reactions produce carbon dioxide. Its concentration in the cells becomes higher than in the tissue fluid, and the gas diffuses into it, and then to the capillaries. In them, one part of the carbon dioxide molecules dissolves in the blood plasma, and the other enters the red blood cells.

• Page 158-161 textbook
• Creative:
• - create a crossword puzzle on the topic
• - make a presentation “Sound Formation”

To use presentation previews, create a Google account and log in to it: https://accounts.google.com

Slide captions:

What organ system are the respiratory organs connected to to perform the function of gas exchange?

Distribution of functions between the respiratory and circulatory systems The respiratory organs ensure the constant content of O 2 and CO 2 in the lungs through gas exchange between the air of the pulmonary alveoli and atmospheric air. The circulatory organs carry out gas exchange between the lungs and blood, transfer O 2 to tissues and CO 2 from tissues to the lungs, and ensure tissue gas exchange. The intensity of external respiration depends on the needs of the body, i.e. on the intensity of tissue gas exchange.

Breath value 1. Providing the body with oxygen (O 2) 2. Oxidation (decomposition) of organic compounds with the release of energy 3. Formation and removal of excess carbon dioxide (CO 2) 4 from the body. Removal of some end products of metabolism: water vapor (H 2 O), ammonia (NH 3), hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), etc.

Respiration 1. External - gases diffuse through the respiratory surface of the lungs into the blood 2. Internal - gases diffuse between the circulating blood and the breathing cell 3. Tissue and cellular - occurs in the process of oxidation of nutrients to release energy: this consumes O 2 and releases CO 2

Organs of the respiratory system 1. Nasal cavity 2. Nasopharynx 3. Larynx 5. Bronchi 4. Trachea Lungs Airways 1 2 3 4 5 5 L L

Nasal cavity Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus Nasopharynx Oropharynx Superior turbinate Epiglottis Inferior turbinate Hard palate Soft palate

Functions of the nasal cavity 1. Warming (cooling) the inhaled air. 2. Humidification of inhaled air. 3. Dust retention and removal. 4. Destruction of bacteria. 5. Reflex sneezing. 7. Smell.

Larynx Epiglottis Thyroid cartilage Laryngeal cavity

Functions of the larynx 1. Formation of sounds and speech. 2. Reflex cough when receptors are irritated by dust. 3. When swallowing, the epiglottis closes the entrance to the larynx.

Production of sound Air during exhalation Passes through the glottis Causes vibrations of the vocal cords Sound occurs

sound production Pitch Length of ligaments Soprano Bass The shorter the vocal cords, the higher their sound. The vibration frequency of the ligaments is from 80 to 10,000 Hz.

Trachea and bronchi Trachea Bronchi

Functions of the trachea and bronchi Ensure the free passage of air

Lungs Right lung: lobes 1,2,3. Left lung: lobes 1,2. 1 2 3 1 2

Scheme of a lung lobule

Functions of the lungs 1. Gas exchange through the alveolo-capillary membrane. Epithelial cells secrete a substance called surfactant, which prevents the alveoli from sticking together and neutralizes microorganisms that have entered the lungs.

Pleura Each lung is covered with two layers of connective tissue membrane: the pulmonary pleura is adjacent to the lungs, the parietal pleura is adjacent to the chest cavity. Between the layers of the pleura there is a pleural cavity filled with pleural fluid.

Answers 1. - E 2. - D 3. - A 4. - C 5. - D 6. - F 7. - B 8. - Z

Diffusion of gases in tissues O 2 O 2 O 2 O 2 O 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 capillary Tissue fluid Tissue fluid of the cell

Application: Larynx Larynx