Methanol (methyl alcohol). Methyl alcohol Perfumes and cosmetics

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Contents Historical background Application Physical properties Routes of entry into the body Mechanism of toxic action Clinical manifestations of poisoning First medical aid First medical aid

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Historical background: Carbinol was first found in wood alcohol in 1661, but only in 1834 was it isolated from the products of dry distillation of wood by Dumas and Peligot. At the same time, its chemical formula was established.

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Application This substance is used only for production purposes and is not available for free sale. Chemical industry. Oil refining industry. Methyl alcohol is also used for the production of medicines, it is added to fuel, methanol can be used as fuel in power plants, act as a gasoline substitute for cars or be used in a mixture with gasoline, methyl alcohol is part of a number of antifreezes, where safety requirements allow .

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Physical properties Methyl alcohol (methanol, wood alcohol) is indistinguishable in smell and taste from ethanol (ethyl alcohol). melting point -97 °C, boiling point +64 °C, molecular weight 32.04 g/mol, viscosity 0.817 mPa/s, density 0.81 g/cm, heat of combustion of liquid methanol 173.65 kcal/mol, heat of combustion gaseous methanol 177.4 kcal/mol, heat of vaporization 8.94 kcal/mol.

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Routes of entry into the body: Methanol (methyl alcohol) is quickly absorbed in the stomach and small intestine. Almost all methanol (90%) is metabolized in the liver using the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase, resulting in the formation of formaldehyde and formic acid, which are highly toxic. Methanol metabolites are eliminated by the kidneys, and a smaller part (15%) is excreted unchanged through the lungs.

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Toxicological information The toxic effect of methanol is associated with depression of the central nervous system, the development of severe metabolic acidosis, retinal damage and optic nerve dystrophy. The lethal dose when taken orally is 100 ml (without prior intake of ethanol).

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Clinic of intoxication Intoxication is mild. Methyl alcohol usually causes alcoholic stupor without the typical intoxication. Next comes the latent period, which lasts on average 12-24 hours (from 1 hour to 40 hours). Periods: Alcohol stunned Latent period (light period) Period of true symptoms Period of systemic disorders Coma Death

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Clinic of intoxication With the end of the latent period, the symptoms of intoxication intensify - nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, pain in the calf muscles. Vision is impaired (decreased visual acuity, blurred vision, flickering “spots” before the eyes, diplopia, blindness); mydriasis and weakened reaction of the pupils to light are noted.

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Clinic of intoxication Consciousness is confused, psychomotor agitation or coma, convulsions or hypertonicity of the muscles of the extremities are possible. Rapidly progressive acute cardiovascular failure develops in combination with central respiratory disorders. Death occurs from respiratory arrest and cerebral edema.

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Emergency care Treatment is based on a universal algorithm for providing assistance for any acute poisoning. Immediate measures: Restoring airway patency: Cleaning the oral cavity. Oxygen inhalation. In the presence of salivation and bronchorrhea - atropine 0.1% solution 1 ml subcutaneously. If vomiting is present, metoclopramide (Raglan, Cerucal) 10 mg intravenously to prevent recurrent vomiting.

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Medical assistance: Actions in case of coma: In case of coma - a standard complex of undifferentiated treatment of any coma: 0.01 mg/kg naloxone + 40-80 ml of 40% glucose + 100 mg of thiamine (5% solution 2 ml). All substances are compatible with each other and are administered intravenously.

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Detoxification Activated carbon is not effective against methyl alcohol poisoning. If methyl alcohol was taken recently, then wash the stomach. Forced diuresis is used; hemodialysis is indicated for severe persistent acidosis, acute renal failure, and visual impairment.

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Infusion therapy In addition to detoxification, it is also carried out to correct hemodynamic disorders and metabolic acidosis. Intravenous drip: sodium bicarbonate (soda) 4% solution 400 ml, hemodez 400 ml or polyionic solutions (quartosol, chlosol, acesol) 500 ml. Prednisolone 60-120 mg (anti-edema effect), thiamine (5% solution 5 ml), ascorbic acid (10% solution 10 ml) are traditionally mixed in one syringe with glucose (20 ml 40% solution), pyridoxine (5% solution) are administered intravenously 5 ml).

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Historical background Methanol was first discovered by Boyle in 1661 in the products of dry distillation of wood. Two centuries later, in 1834, it was isolated in its pure form by Dumas and Peligot. At the same time, the chemical formula of methanol was established. In 1857, Berthelot obtained methanol by saponification of methyl chloride.

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What is methyl alcohol? Methanol (methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, carbinol, methyl hydrate, methyl hydroxide) - CH3OH, the simplest monohydric alcohol, colorless toxic liquid. Methanol is the first representative of the homologous series of monohydric alcohols. With air in volume concentrations of 6.98-35.5% it forms explosive mixtures (flash point 8 °C). Methanol is miscible in any proportion with water and most organic solvents.

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Toxicity The toxicity of methyl alcohol is especially dangerous because there is a latent period of poisoning lasting from 1 - 2 hours to 1 - 2 days. The toxicity of this alcohol significantly exceeds the toxicity of ethyl, butyl and other alcohols. The lethal dose of methyl alcohol when taken orally is 30 g, but severe poisoning, accompanied by blindness, can be caused by 5 - 10 g. The effect of its vapor is expressed in: irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes; higher susceptibility to upper respiratory tract diseases and headaches; ringing in the ears; shaking; neuritis; vision disorders. Methyl alcohol can enter the body through intact skin.

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Application: production of formaldehyde (involved in the synthesis of various plastics) and MTBE (high-octane motor fuel additive); in the production of synthetic rubbers, acetic acid, methyl methacrylate, plastics, solvents, methylamines, dimethyl terephthalate, methyl formate, methyl chloride; to obtain medicines; as an additive to motor gasoline; as a denaturing additive to ethyl alcohol intended for industrial use; Methanol has recently found use in fuel cells; as an industrial solvent; Methanol is part of a number of antifreezes.

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Effect on the body Methanol is a strong and dangerous poison for humans. It can enter the body by inhaling air saturated with its vapors, through the skin, by washing hands and wetting clothes. However, the most common and most dangerous way of methanol poisoning is ingestion of the poison. The lethal dose of methanol when ingested is 30 g. There are known cases of poisoning - with serious consequences, only 5-10 g of methanol. Once in the body, methanol severely affects the nervous and cardiovascular systems. It has a particularly active effect on the optic nerve and retina of the eye. As a result, one of the signs of methanol poisoning is blindness, which remains for life.

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Accumulation in the body A feature of methanol is its rapid absorption from the gastrointestinal tract into the blood and its slow release from the body. When taken orally, methanol is excreted in the urine and exhaled air within 7 days. In addition, methanol has cumulative properties - with repeated use of small doses, the poison accumulates in the body, creating a dangerous and lethal concentration. Thanks to these properties, chronic human poisoning is also possible.

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Methanol poisoning The causes of methanol poisoning are not only the use of a prohibited substance, but also its further destructive effect in the body. Absorbed in the stomach almost instantly, it turns into formic acid and formaldehyde, which in small concentrations have a toxic effect on all organ systems, destroying cells and blocking their work. Since almost 90% of the substance is excreted by the kidneys, the urinary system is immediately affected. This is why consuming even small amounts of methyl alcohol is dangerous. The functioning of the nervous system is disrupted, problems with the gastrointestinal tract appear, and with a large amount of the substance ingested, death quickly occurs.

Definition .

Ethanol or ethyl alcohol

Monohydric alcohol with the formula C2H5OH (empirical formula C2H6O),

another option: CH3-CH2-OH,

The second representative of the homologous series of monohydric alcohols.

Physical properties:

under standard conditions ethanol:
volatile,
flammable,
colorless,
clear liquid,
with a characteristic odor,
burning taste
lighter than water
good solvent

Molecular weight: 46.069 a. eat.
Melting point: −114.15 °C
Boiling point:78.39°C
Solubility: miscible with benzene, water, glycerin, diethyl ether, acetone, methanol, acetic acid, chloroform.

Hydroxyl hydrogen reactions:

1. Interaction of alcohols with alkali metals (formation of alcoholates)

2. Formation of ethers. By reacting alcoholates with haloalkyl ethers can be obtained.

3. Formation of esters.

Hydroxyl reactions

Substitution of a hydrosil group with a halogen (formation of a halogen derivative):

Dehydration of alcohols

Receipt.

Ethyl alcohol is a large-scale product of the chemical industry.
Alcohols are rarely found in nature, more often in the form of derivatives (esters, etc.), from which they can be obtained.
To obtain ethyl alcohol, organic synthesis plays an important role.
Ethyl alcohol is produced in various ways (alcoholic fermentation, can be obtained from cellulose, synthetic methods - sulfuric acid or direct hydration of ethylene and synthesis gas.)

Ethanol can be used as a fuel, including for rocket engines, internal combustion engines, household, camping and laboratory heating devices, heating pads for tourists and military personnel.
Limited use in mixtures with classic petroleum liquid fuels.
It is used to produce high-quality fuel and gasoline components.

Chemical industry

serves as a raw material for the production of many chemicals, such as acetaldehyde, diethyl ether, tetraethyl lead, acetic acid, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethylene, etc.;
widely used as a solvent (in the paint and varnish industry, in the production of household chemicals and many other areas);
is a component of antifreeze and windshield washers;
In household chemicals, ethanol is used in cleaning products and detergents, especially for the care of glass and plumbing. It is a solvent for repellents.

Medicine

In terms of its action, ethyl alcohol can be classified as an antiseptic;
as a disinfectant and drying agent, externally;
solvent for medicines, for the preparation of tinctures, extracts from plant materials, etc.;
defoamer when supplying oxygen, artificial ventilation;
in warm compresses;
for physical cooling during fever
component of general anesthesia in situations of drug shortage;
ethanol is an antidote for poisoning with certain toxic alcohols, such as methanol and ethylene glycol

Perfumes and cosmetics

It is a universal solvent for various substances and the main component of perfumes, colognes, aerosols, etc.
Included in a variety of products, including toothpastes, shampoos, shower products, etc.

Food industry

Along with water, it is the main component of alcoholic beverages.
Also found in small quantities in a number of drinks obtained by fermentation, but not classified as alcoholic (kefir, kvass, kumiss, non-alcoholic beer, etc.)
Solvent for food flavorings.
Can be used as a preservative for bakery products, as well as in the confectionery industry.
Registered as a food additive E1510.
The energy value of ethanol is 7.1 kcal/g.

The effect of ethanol on the human body.

Depending on the dose, concentration, route of entry into the body and duration of exposure, ethanol can also have narcotic and toxic effects.
Long-term consumption of ethanol can cause diseases such as liver cirrhosis, gastritis, stomach ulcers, stomach cancer and esophageal cancer, i.e. is a carcinogen, cardiovascular diseases.
Ethanol consumption can cause oxidative damage to brain neurons.
Alcohol abuse can lead to clinical depression and alcoholism.

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Methanol (methyl alcohol). was obtained in 1834 by heating sawdust. Methanol is a neurovascular poison. When 5 to 10 ml of this substance enters the body, visual paralysis occurs, due to damage to the retina of the eye; a dose of 30 ml or more causes death. It is an excellent solvent and raw material for the production of formaldehyde, polymers, and medications.

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Chemistry 10th grade

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