Presentations on pediatric dentistry and stoma prevention. diseases

Sections: Biology

Goals and objectives of the lesson:

1. Review the material from the previous lesson “Structure and functions of the oral cavity organs.”
2. Study the structure of the tooth, consider the main tissues, their structure and functions.
3. Consider the main causes of dental diseases and their prevention.
4. Fix the new material during the laboratory work “Amount of plaque before and after brushing teeth.” Draw a conclusion about the need for oral care.

Lesson equipment:

1. Tables “Structure of the oral cavity”, “Structure of the tongue”, “Structure of the tooth”, “Main tissues of the tooth”.
2. Samples of tap water from different city streets, a table with the results of water research.
3. X-ray images of teeth with different stages of caries.
4. Exhibition of hygiene products for oral care.
5. Exhibition of literature on the topic of the lesson.
6. Overhead projector, screen, microscopes, slides with plaque.

During the classes.

1. Introductory speech by the teacher about the importance of the oral organs for the digestive process.

2. Repetition of the material covered:

Teacher question: Explain the structure and functions of the oral cavity:

• language,
• salivary glands,
• tooth

A student’s story based on the table “Structure of Language.”

The tongue consists of a root, body, tip, and has filiform, mushroom-shaped, leaf-shaped, and grooved taste buds. The tongue performs the following functions: determines the temperature and taste of food, mixes food with saliva, ensures the act of swallowing, participates in the articulation of speech. The lingual tonsil is involved in immune processes.

Student’s story on the table “Oral organs.”

In humans, there are 3 pairs of salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, sublingual and small salivary glands (labial, palatine, lingual). Salivary glands secrete saliva to moisten food and glue the food bolus (contains the enzyme mucin), breaks down starch into disaccharides (amylase enzyme), disinfects food (lysozyme enzyme).

Student’s story on the table “Structure of the tooth.”

A tooth consists of a crown, neck, and root. Inside the tooth there is a pulp with nerves and blood vessels. An adult has 32 teeth, they are divided into incisors, canines, large and small molars. The teeth are used for biting and mechanically grinding food.

Teacher: The formation of teeth begins at 6-7 weeks of intrauterine development. The rudiments of baby teeth appear, 10 on each jaw. At 17-18 weeks, the rudiments of permanent teeth appear, the process of mineralization of dental tissues occurs, which continues after their eruption for several years. The first teeth erupt at 6-7 months and up to 3 years, the first teeth are milk teeth, there are 20 of them. By the age of 12-13 years, the teeth are replaced with permanent ones, at the age of 18-30, “wisdom teeth” erupt. Thus, damaged teeth cannot be restored again, since they were formed during embryonic development.

3. Studying new material.

• Structure of tooth tissues– a student’s story based on the table “Basic dental tissues.”

Hard fabrics:

1. enamel – contains 95% minerals, can withstand loads of up to 400 kg. by 1 mm 2. Enamel thickness 0.01 -1.7 mm,
2. dentin – 70% minerals,
3. cement – ​​70.4% mineral substances, covers the tooth in the root area.

Soft fabrics:

pulp - contains blood vessels, nerve fibers, odontoblast cells (the cells of the outer layer of the pulp have long processes that penetrate the dentin and reach the enamel). The pulp regulates metabolic processes in hard tissues, forms dentin, and nerves transmit pain sensations from the upper layers of dentin to the pulp.

Teacher: Enamel consists of enamel prisms - faceted “cylindrical fibers” 4-7 microns thick, which run radially from dentin to the tooth surface. Prisms are formed from the cells of the tooth germ; the function of these cells is completed long before teeth erupt, so the destroyed enamel is not restored. Enamel is permeable to many organic and inorganic substances, which can penetrate into it from the pulp and from the oral cavity. The enamel of emerging teeth is more permeable than the enamel of adult teeth, and over the course of a number of years it “matures.”

It is during this period that the action of unfavorable (cariogenic) factors is especially dangerous, leading to disruption of physiological processes, and therefore to dental disease.

• Cariogenic factors:

1 . Lack of fluoride ions(norm 0.8 - 1 mg/l.).

Effect of the factor: the enamel becomes less durable; for prevention purposes, fluoridation of tap water is used, sodium fluoride is taken for 180-250 days, and fluoride-containing toothpastes are used.

When considering this factor, students report the results of the research work “Determination of fluoride ions in tap water.” Samples of tap water from different streets of the city were used (if the samples do not contain fluoride ions, it is recommended to use fluoride-containing toothpastes).

2. Leftover food– dental plaque is formed, which creates a favorable environment for microorganisms, the formation of lactic acid, which causes the dissolution of the enamel. To remove plaque, you need to rinse your mouth or brush your teeth after eating, limit your intake of carbohydrate foods, and you can use chewing gum.

When considering this factor, it is appropriate to play out a small scene:

Tooth with food plaque: “That plaque again!”

Carious monsters run in and begin to dance around the tooth, joyfully singing::

“Ah, plaque! How lovely! There is something to profit from!”

At this time, a glass of water, toothpaste and brush, chewing gum come in one by one and the carious monsters are taken away.

Glass of water:

“I'll help you, tooth. Rinse your mouth after eating!” (leads one monster away)

Toothpaste and brush: “Brush your teeth after eating - this will help!” (two monsters are taken away)

Chewing gum: “And I am the most delicious protection against caries!” (leads one monster away)

3. Smoking causes the formation of plaque on the enamel; due to temperature changes in the oral cavity, cracks form on the enamel.

It is advisable to stop smoking or use toothpastes that strengthen the enamel.

• Stages of caries development– a teacher’s story with a demonstration of x-rays.

1. Changes in the appearance of tooth enamel (becomes dull, chalky).
2. Formation of a cavity in a tooth.
3. Pulpitis is inflammation of the dental pulp as a result of the penetration of microorganisms into the pulp chamber through a carious cavity.
4. Periodontitis is an inflammation of the root membrane of the tooth, which causes swelling of the soft tissues of the face, enlargement and soreness of the lymph nodes of the maxillofacial area. Periodontitis can manifest itself in the form of:

   osteomyelitis - inflammation of the jaw bones,
   abscess, phlegmon - these are purulent foci in the soft tissues of the tooth,
   purulent inflammation in the neck, abscesses of the brain, liver and other organs,
   Possible death.

5. Chronic periodontitis – damage to internal organs, decreased immunity, allergic diseases due to the activity of microorganisms and the toxins they produce.
6. Gingivitis is inflammation of the gums due to plaque accumulated at the necks of the teeth, on the gums, in the periodontal pocket. It manifests itself as redness of the gums and bleeding of the gums when brushing your teeth.

• Disease Prevention– a teacher’s story about the exhibition of hygiene supplies and literature.

1. it is necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle;
2. fluoridate tap water;
3. systematically visit the dentist for a preventive examination of the oral cavity;
4. Carry out hygienic oral care: brushing teeth (3 min.):

   toothbrush (changed at least once every 3 months),
   toothpaste (hygienic, medicinal, therapeutic and prophylactic),
   toothpick,
   dental floss,

5. refreshment and deodorization:

tooth elixir,
oral deodorant,
chewing gum.

Application.

1. Instructor card for performing the student experiment “Determination of the content of fluoride ions in tap water.”

Goals of work:

1. Determine the concentration of fluoride ions in tap water;
2. Carry out characteristic reactions to fluorine ions;
3. Based on the results of the experiment, give recommendations to students about what toothpaste they should use.

Completing of the work:

Add 5-6 drops of 2N to 5-6 drops of the test solution. calcium chloride solution. If fluorine ions are present in the solution, a white precipitate of calcium fluoride is formed. Let's filter the sediment, weigh it, make calculations and compare the results obtained with the norm - 0.8-1 mg/l.

2. Card – laboratory work instructor “Determining the amount of plaque before and after brushing your teeth.”

1. Preparation of the drug: in the morning, before brushing your teeth and eating, remove plaque with a toothpick and apply it to a glass slide, cover the first with a second glass slide.
2. Repeat the procedure after brushing your teeth.
3. Examine the first specimen under a microscope and sketch what you see.
4. Examine the second preparation, sketch what you see.
5. Compare the amount of plaque on the first and second preparations, draw appropriate conclusions about the need for hygienic oral care.

Conclusion: based on the results of laboratory work No. 2, students conclude that oral hygiene reduces the risk of dental diseases.

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LOGO FEBRUARY 9, 2011 International Dentist Day Dental diseases This is a group of diseases of the oral cavity, teeth, and gums. The most common dental disease is caries. Untreated caries is dangerous due to complications (pulpitis, periodontitis). Dental diseases also include periodontal diseases (gingivitis, periodontitis, periodontal disease), non-carious dental lesions (fluorosis, etc.) FACTS In Russia, in 88% of cases in 6-year-olds, and in 85.7% of 15-year-old children, there are signs of periodontal disease: bleeding gums, tartar By the age of 35-44 years and 65 years and older, all those examined (89.5 - 99.5%) showed more severe periodontal lesions, with the presence of tartar and periodontal pockets of varying depths. The highest rates of need for sanitation were noted in the age group of children 6 years old, as well as among the adult population (3544 years old and 65 years old and older). In the Volgograd region, the prevalence of caries in children is 88%. In the adult population, the incidence of caries reaches 100%. DENTAL CARIES Caries is a disease of the hard tissues of the tooth, expressed in its sequential destruction (enamel, dentin, cement), with the formation of a cavity. Depending on the degree of damage, uncomplicated and complicated caries (pulpitis and periodontitis) are distinguished. Caries of primary teeth: damage to the tooth germs. The primary cause of early caries may be damage to the tooth germs in the prenatal period, which occurred due to diseases suffered by the mother during pregnancy (as well as as a result of taking certain medications during this period). These can be acute infectious diseases, toxicosis (especially late), stress, intoxication (bad environment, occupational hazards, bad habits). One of the factors that provoke caries in an unborn child may be frequent childbirth (with an interval of less than 2 years.) Prematurity, difficult childbirth, artificial feeding, and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract can also contribute to the occurrence of caries. Caries of baby teeth: carbohydrates In the future, caries of baby teeth may occur in a child if he is fed a large amount of carbohydrates. The nature of caries is closely related to the presence in the mouth of a large number of pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria) that actively multiply in a carbohydrate environment. As a result of the vital activity of microorganisms (enzymatic processing of carbohydrates), organic acids are formed, causing demineralization of the enamel. Therefore, dentists recommend replacing sugar-containing foods with foods containing xylitol (strawberries, onions, carrots). Dental caries: lack of fluorides The occurrence of caries is promoted by a lack of fluorides (fluoride compounds). Fluorides enter the body with water and food. Fluorides are a potential protective factor against caries because they inhibit the activity of enzymes involved in the formation of organic acids. Moreover, the introduction of fluorides orally is more effective than the local use of fluoride-containing drugs. However, it must be taken into account that fluorides in excess concentrations are toxic and cause fluorosis, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys. The optimal dose of fluoride is approximately 0.1 mg per 1 kg of body weight per day. There is an opinion that the degree of damage to dental caries in children in the first years of life is influenced by the age and state of health of the mother, seasonal characteristics, and the date of birth of the child. For example, it has been found that the older the mother, the lower the risk of dental caries in the child. Children born in the spring are more likely to suffer from caries. Caries of baby teeth: breastfeeding Increasing the duration of breastfeeding (up to 12 months or more) has a positive effect on the child’s dental health. But at the same time, the child’s sugar intake should be minimal. There is another side to this problem. Long-term (more than a year) breastfeeding must be combined with feeding the child a variety of foods (including solids), which leads to self-cleaning of the hard tissues of the teeth during chewing. At the same time, saliva is also cleansed of excess lactic acid bacteria in it. Caries of baby teeth: breastfeeding Increasing the duration of breastfeeding (up to 12 months or more) has a positive effect on the child’s dental health. But at the same time, the child’s sugar intake should be minimal. Long-term (more than a year) feeding should be combined with feeding the child a variety of foods (including solids), which leads to self-cleaning of the hard tissues of the teeth. At the same time, saliva is also cleared of excess lactic acid bacteria in it. Caries of primary teeth: bottle caries A special problem is the so-called “bottle caries”. Frequent bottle feeding, especially at night, causes easily fermentable carbohydrates to enter your baby's mouth and remain there overnight, feeding bacteria and causing tooth decay. “Bottle caries” is a very rapidly developing caries, occurring in 2.5-15% of cases. It is characterized by damage to the front 4-6 teeth and is manifested by a characteristic brownish coating. Later, the lesion can spread to the chewing teeth of both the upper and lower jaws. The occurrence of caries Caries occurs sequentially - first, a pigment spot (white, and then yellow) appears on the surface of the tooth enamel. Soon it turns brown. Subsequently, the enamel is destroyed, and then the dentin. This process proceeds quite slowly, in more rare cases - quickly. The resulting cavity, first in the enamel and then in the dentin, progresses in depth and width. Remains of food in it are a breeding ground for bacteria, which are found in large quantities in the oral cavity. "The first stage of caries can remain unchanged for years. If a carious cavity is detected, you should immediately consult a dentist. Otherwise, further tooth destruction will lead to pulpitis and cause severe toothache. RISK FACTORS FOR CARIES 1. Inadequate diet and drinking water. 2. Somatic diseases during the period Text maturation of dental tissues. 3. Extreme effects on the body. 4. Heredity, ensuring the usefulness of the enamel. Text LOCAL RISK FACTORS OF CARIES 1. Dental plaque and plaque. 2. Violation of the composition and properties of oral fluid. Text 3. Carbohydrate food residues in the oral cavity 4. Deviation in the biochemical composition of hard dental tissues and defective structure of dental tissues. Text 5. Condition of the dentoalveolar system during the period of formation, development and eruption of teeth. Prevention strategy 1. Dental education of the population; 2. Training in the rules of rational nutrition; 3. Training in the rules hygienic oral care 4. Endogenous use of fluoride preparations; 5. Use of local prophylactic agents; 6. Secondary prevention (sanitation of the oral cavity). LOGO

“Dental care rules” - Choosing a toothbrush and toothpaste. Useful tips. How to brush your teeth correctly. The structure of the tooth. Rules for brushing teeth. Dental hygiene. Learn the rules of brushing your teeth. The toothbrush is positioned vertically, the direction of movement is from the gums. An hour for a healthy smile. Finish brushing your teeth with circular movements. Study the structure of the tooth.

"Children's teeth" - Pediatric dentistry. The effectiveness of the method of silvering teeth has not been proven during extensive. Misconceptions about pediatric dentistry. How to take care of your teeth. Baby teeth. The best way to treat caries. Children's teeth. Baby's teeth. Pain in teeth. Carious teeth. Bracket systems. Malocclusion.

“Prevention of caries in children” - Prevention of caries in school-age children. The role of nutrition in the prevention of caries. How many teeth should a person have? Toothpastes. Dentist. Oral hygiene. Course of orthodontic treatment. Flossing. How to prevent the development of caries. Child's dental health. Personal oral hygiene.

“Beautiful and healthy teeth” - Products. Sore tooth. Smoking harms your teeth. How many times a year should you change your toothbrush? Sweets. Get checked by a dentist. Which tooth is healthy and which is sick. Use only high-quality pastes. A game. Healthy teeth. Guess the riddles.

“Healthy teeth” - When writing, the light should fall... You need to brush your teeth... Chewing surfaces of the teeth: Test yourself: How to brush your teeth correctly? The toothbrush is placed horizontally and a cleaning motion is performed. The use of sugar-free chewing gum also gives good results. Name 1 product of plant origin.

"Caries" - Dental diseases. Dental caries. Risk factors for caries. Caries of milk teeth. Data. Fluoride deficiency. Bottle caries. Local risk factors for caries. Increasing the duration of breastfeeding. Breast-feeding. Prevention strategy. International Dentist Day.

There are a total of 14 presentations in the topic

Postnatal prevention of dental diseases is a set of measures carried out after the birth of a child in order to prevent the development of pathology of the organs and tissues of the oral cavity. This direction should be a priority in modern dentistry. Speaking about prevention at an early age, it is necessary to work primarily with parents, especially with the expectant mother. She should receive information on the rules and methods of individual oral hygiene, both from herself and from the child. Realize the motivational significance of oral hygiene in a newborn and the prevention of dental diseases and developmental anomalies from the moment of birth and throughout subsequent life. Understand the benefits of breastfeeding for your baby.

Be aware of the benefits of a balanced diet during pregnancy and after the birth of a child. Be aware of the harm from excess and improper consumption of easily fermentable carbohydrates, especially sugar. Realize that mothers and parents are the first and most important people on whom their child’s health depends, including dental health. After the birth of a child, preventive measures are divided into: - measures aimed at restoring and maintaining the mother’s dental health; - measures to prevent the development of dental anomalies and major dental diseases in a newborn and a child during the period of his subsequent growth. Postnatal prevention is carried out from the moment the child is born and its content depends on age.

From birth to the eruption of the first milk teeth (0-6 months) - identification of congenital pathology in the maxillofacial area; - prevention of acute purulent diseases in a newborn; - dissection of the shortened frenulum of the tongue; - proper breastfeeding; - organize timely supplementary feeding with products of appropriate consistency and hardness; correct artificial feeding of the child (posture, selection of pacifiers); - promptly transfer the child to eating from a spoon; - carry out oral hygiene after each meal - using a soft terry cloth soaked in boiled water at room temperature or a toothbrush with a soft latex fingertip, or special napkins for oral hygiene containing xylitol (Spiffies - Tooth wipes).

The period of formation of the primary occlusion (6 months - 3 years) - observation of teething (timing and sequence, pairing, number, symmetry, shape, position, type of closure); - also plastic surgery of a shortened frenulum (if not previously); - balanced diet, use of solid food when chewing; - prevention of somatic diseases; - rehabilitation of the respiratory organs – formation of correct nasal breathing; - prevention of bad habits (finger sucking, pacifiers, pacifiers, foreign objects), tongue, cheeks, prevention of incorrect posture and posture; - observation of the function of the tongue when swallowing (dentitions are closed, the tip of the tongue is located in the area of ​​the upper front teeth on the palatal side); - dysfunction of the dental system of chewing, swallowing, breathing, speech; - prevention of caries and its complications.

Balanced nutrition Plastic processes occurring in a child’s body require large energy costs. Body weight gain is especially active in the 1st year of life. By 4-5 months. body weight doubles, and by one month. triples. Height increases by 25 cm in the first year. Energy sources are carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The correct ratio of proteins - fats - carbohydrates The daily energy requirement of a child should be satisfied 50-60% from carbohydrates contained in grain products, vegetables and fruits, 15-20% from proteins, 25-30% from fats . months proteins fats carbohydrates, 5 From 1 year 114

Breastfeeding of young children can be considered as one of the types of prevention. Women's milk contains basic nutrients - proteins, fats, carbohydrates in the ratio 1:3:6, which is most favorable for absorption by the child's body. Breastfeeding is an important psychological factor for the formation of a child’s normal psyche and his attitude towards his mother. A nursing mother should receive a gram of meat, 50 grams of butter, 1 egg, 800 grams of vegetables and fruits, and no more than 500 grams of bread daily. If a child is given a pacifier, then when sucking (it usually has an easily stretchable hole), the muscles of the cheeks and lips that extend the lower jaw receive less tension. Tonic muscle tension decreases. The effectiveness of breastfeeding decreases. The baby sucks from the bottle with great pleasure. This leads to underdevelopment of the muscles that protrude the lower jaw. A shift of the lower jaw occurs, an anomaly is formed in the form of a distal shift of the lower jaw. Frequent and prolonged presence of a pacifier or pacifier in the oral cavity forms the habit of sucking to calm the child. Therefore, in the second and third years of life, the bad habit of sucking a pacifier or other objects (instead of a pacifier) ​​disrupts the correct formation of the jaws, and an open bite is formed.

If a child of the first year of life needs additional nutrition, then food should be given using a pipette, a teaspoon, or a small cup. Currently, multiple caries of primary teeth in children of three years of age is considered as a result of the action of 3 main factors: pathology of pregnancy or childbirth, a high degree of infection of the oral cavity with streptococci and poor nutrition in the first years of a child’s life. This type of caries is called milk bottle caries. It occurs in weakened children who often suck sweet drinks from the nipple between main feedings and during the night. This explains the role of breastfeeding. Malnutrition is one of the reasons for the formation of various pathological processes in tissues and organs. The concept of “rational nutrition” includes the introduction of basic nutrients into the diet: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins in optimal proportions. Modern children began to eat less dairy products, ballast substances, drink less tea, milk, drinking and mineral water, consume more sausages, eat a lot of sweets, baked goods, and candies; drink sweet drinks, lemonades, yoghurts. This leads to weight gain and candidiasis.

You need to know 10 rules of eating for healthy children: Eat 4 times a day. Don't give up hard foods. Gnaw and chew hard vegetables, fruits and nuts for a long time. Biting food with your front teeth. Grind food only with the side teeth. Remove food from a spoon with your lips without putting the spoon in your mouth. Chew food thoroughly, swallow crushed food without drinking. Finish your meal with hard vegetables and fruits (carrots, apples, pears), cheese. Rinse your mouth with water after each meal (use at least half a glass). Don't eat sweets between meals. Allow yourself sweets 1-2 times a week in small quantities, then rinse your mouth with water. Consume dairy products daily. Drink juices through a straw.

The main thing is to follow the diet. So that the food is varied. Use rational methods of culinary processing of products. Have knowledge about the biological and chemical value of products. Know about the child's age-dependent nutritional needs. Meals should be 4 times a day, the frequency of meals is 4 hours. Usually this is: Breakfast, lunch, afternoon snack, dinner. Or breakfast, second breakfast, lunch, dinner. Breakfast and dinner should make up 50% of the daily calorie intake (breakfast 35-40%, dinner 10-15%). It is advisable to have fixed meal times.

Cereals should be included in the child’s diet as a source of slowly absorbed carbohydrates 4 times a day. 1 time in the form of porridge and 3 times in the form of bread. Porridges are mainly made from “dark” cereals – rolled oats, buckwheat. Or mixtures of “white” and “dark” - (rolled oats and semolina, rice and buckwheat). “Dark” cereals contain more B vitamins and iron. It is also preferable to eat rye bread, as it contains more cell membranes. Vegetables should be used 4 times a day. It is preferable to eat dark green, yellow and orange vegetables and fruits. The use of vegetables 2 times a day is considered minimal: 1 time as a salad, 2 times as a side dish. Potatoes are carbohydrates (easily digestible). Fruits - 2 times a day - locally grown apples or any green apples, ripe fruits and berries. It is advisable to use protein products 4 times a day, 1 egg. (in the absence of allergic reactions), meat daily, fish at least 3 times a week, cottage cheese 3-4 times a week. Milk can also be presented in the form of fermented milk products 2 times a day. The diet must include vegetable oil as a source of omega-6 fats and vitamin E; butter – vitamin A.

A major role in the prevention of stomas. diseases plays a role in oral hygiene. From the moment the first temporary teeth appear, parents should brush their children’s teeth, using at first a finger brush with a minimum of toothpaste (a pinhead for 1-3 teeth) and gradually increase the dose so that by the time the primary teeth are fully formed, its amount does not exceed 0 .5 cm. Parents brush their teeth themselves until the age of 2 years. By this time, the child should get used to the hygiene procedure. From 2 years old, you can replace the finger brush with a regular brush for younger children. At 2 years old, a child should begin to learn to use a toothbrush independently. The first year under constant parental supervision. If he cleans well himself, then his parents clean him 2-3 times a week. Parents should brush their child's teeth every day until they teach him to do this procedure on his own. By the age of 4, the child should be able to control the brush freely, but still under adult supervision. Only after 5 years should control be somewhat limited to periodic observation. In general, it is necessary to constantly monitor a child until he is 8 years old.

Starting from the moment the first tooth appears, you can use therapeutic and prophylactic toothpastes designed for children under 2 years of age. You need to use good toothpastes so as not to discourage you from brushing your teeth. It is better to use gel pastes. A child’s toothbrush should also be specific. For a toothbrush: the handle should be larger, the better, but the head should be small.

It should be recalled that a child of 2-4 years old, when brushing his teeth independently, swallows up to 70% of the toothpaste, and from 5-7 years old 50-60%, over 8 years old 30%, adults 7% of the toothpaste. Recommended toothpastes: Rocs, Elmex, New Pearl, Colgate, Silka, Splat and others. Toothbrushes from: New Pearl, Oral-B, Colgate. For children under 2-3 years of age, fluoride-free toothpastes and alcohol-free mouthwashes are recommended. MOUTH RINSES Manufactured on the basis of natural ingredients. Contains kelp extract, which has wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects. The composition includes calcium, phosphorus and magnesium compounds, which are the main structural components of hard dental tissues. Does not contain: fluorine, alcohol, sodium lauryl sulfate, antiseptics.

Means of endogenous caries prevention. Endogenous use of fluoride preparations. In regions with low fluoride levels, fluoride-containing medications should be given daily starting from 2 years of age. The exception is regions with low iodine content (for example, Irkutsk), because Endogenous use of fluoride blocks the absorption of iodine in the body. In Irkutsk, the average fluorine content is 0.3 – 0.4 mg/l (micrograms per liter). "Vitaftor" Used from the 1st year, ½ teaspoon, once with meals for 1 month. The break is 2 weeks, the course is repeated after 2 weeks. Repeated courses 4-6 times a year. Contains: sodium fluoride; vitamins A, B, C. Contraindications: hypervitaminosis A and D; fluorine is more than 1.5 mg/l. Sodium fluoride (tablets 1.1 and 2.2 mg) or Natrium fluoratum (lozenges 1 mg) Composition: 2.2 mg contains 1 mg of fluoride. Dosage: If fluoride is less than 300 mcg/kg in drinking water: - up to 2 years – 250 mcg once a day; years – 500 mcg once a day. Dosage: fluorine mcg/kg in drinking water: - up to 2 years – 125 mcg once a day; years – 250 mcg once a day. Contraindications: if fluoride is more than 700 mcg/kg.

"D-fluorettene 500" Ingredients: vitamin D, sodium fluoride. Dosage: from the end of the first week of life and daily. “Anti-caries” Ingredients: sodium fluoride, calcium gluconate, pollen. Dosage: children from 3 to 6 years old, ½ tablet per day. If there is less than 0.3 mg in water - from 6 months. up to 2 years. – 0.25 mg., 2-4 years – 0.5 mg., years 1 gram. If the water contains 0.3 - 0.7 mg/l, then fluoride from 2 years of age is 0.25 mg. If more than 0.7 mg should not be taken at all.

Endogenous prevention of calcium deficiency. Recommended dosage: 600 mg. calcium years 800 mg. Calcium. The following drugs are used: Calcinova - up to 1 year 0.5 tbsp. spoons in granules - from 1 to 2 years 1 tbsp. spoon of the year 2 tbsp. spoons or 2-3 tablets - from 4 years 4-5 tablets Calcide - from 0 to six months 1 tablet 1 time - six months to a year 1.5 tablets 1 time years 1 tablet 2 times - Alphabet Our baby vitamin and mineral complex, created specifically for children aged 1 to 3 years. Available in powder form. Take 1 powder 3 times a day. The hypoallergenicity of the complex is ensured by the separation of substances. Provides % of recommended daily intake. Appointed for a month, re-appointment is possible after a break of days. Kalcemin, Ca-D3-Nycomed, Vitrum-Ca-D3, Kalcevit and other calcium preparations. Complexes of vitamins and minerals containing fluoride and calcium are also used. For example, Cigapan for children from 3 years old, Multitabs, Complivit, Alphabet, Sanasol, Kinder-biovital, Alvitil and others.

Use of local prophylactic agents. a) Means aimed at suppressing microflora. The source of microbes for a child’s oral cavity is mothers or other adults caring for him. Therefore, you cannot kiss the child on the lips or lick the pacifier. A way to reduce the number of microorganisms in the oral cavity is to use various forms of chlorhexidine (in the form of toothpastes, rinses, gels, varnishes). Their use is possible for both mother and child. When comparing the use of chlorhexidine- and fluoride-containing gels, it was found that the level of S. mutans was significantly reduced after treating teeth with chlorhexidine-containing gel (after 4 weeks), and fluoride after 12. The optimal use of chlorhexidine biluconate in the form of a 1-minute oral bath. A good result is achieved by using Cervitek varnish containing a 1% solution of chlorhexidine and thymol. Local application of various agents with antimicrobial properties is promising for the stabilization and prevention of early caries. It should be noted that products containing chlorhexidine cannot be used for a long time. The frequency and duration of procedures is prescribed by the dentist. b) Means aimed at increasing tooth resistance. Stimulation of remineralization processes is extremely important both for the intact teeth of a patient who has a high risk of developing caries, and for the teeth of a patient with varying degrees of damage with a high level of caries intensity. In this regard, it is necessary to pay attention to new remineralizing systems that are convenient for use in very young children.

"Tooth Mouss" Consists of casein phosphopeptide obtained from cow's milk. It binds well to the hard tissues of teeth. For 3-year-old children, the gel is applied using an individual retherapy spoon; for the youngest, it is rubbed into the surfaces of the teeth with a finger. Gel "R.O.C.S" Is a source of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. For older children, it is carried out using an individual spoon at night; for small children, after traditional hygiene, it is applied to the teeth with another brush, rubbed in and left overnight. It is a source of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. For older children, it is carried out using an individual spoon at night; for small children, after traditional hygiene, it is applied to the teeth with another brush, rubbed in and left overnight. "Belagel Calcium-phosphorus" Contains calcium, phosphorus, magnesium. Preferably used with a mouth guard. It is also possible to use a 5% calcium gluconate solution and a 2.5% calcium glycerophosphate solution in the form of applications.

In recent years, the deep fluoridation method proposed by Professor Knappvost using EGL and DGL has been used to prevent dental caries. EGL and DGL have a long-term disinfecting and remineralizing effect on hard tissues. As a result of the reaction, a high molecular weight silicic acid polymer with submicroscopic crystals of calcium fluoride and copper fluoride is formed. Nanofluorides remain in the funnels of the dentinal tubules for 6 to 12 months, gradually releasing fluoride. And when processing EGL, crystals of calcium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, and copper fluoride are formed. These crystals create an optimal environment of fluoride ions, which, together with the mineral salts of saliva, provide long-term remineralization, enhancing it almost 100 times. The presence of copper ions, which have constantly renewed bactericidal activity, significantly reduces the ability of microbes to form dental plaque, which also plays an important role in the prevention of caries. An analogue of this drug, Gluflutored, has been created in Russia. These drugs give good results in the prevention and treatment of caries. In our clinic, together with the GIDUVA Department of Pediatric Dentistry, we began to use EGL and DGL since 2007 for the treatment of caries in young children.

Additionally, recommendations were given on nutrition, diet (refusing to drink sweetened drinks from a bottle at night and on hygiene), and vitamin-mineral complexes were prescribed. The children were observed 3 times during the year. After 12 months, patients did not experience an increase in caries, and there were no cases of caries complications or tooth extraction due to complications. Thus, the effectiveness of the deep fluoridation method for the prevention of caries and the development of its complications in the treatment of preschool children has been confirmed. For young children, fissures can be sealed with GIC – Kemfil. During the dispensary observation of young children, it was found that visiting a dentist in the first year of a child’s life is the optimal age for individual medical prevention of caries in primary teeth. The timing of treatment is after the eruption of the first teeth. Consistent and reasonable implementation of therapeutic and preventive procedures in the oral cavity can significantly reduce the incidence of caries in preschool children, as well as reduce by 4 times the incidence of pulpitis and periodontitis in teeth affected by enamel hypoplasia, complicated by caries. Thus, a necessary condition for the prevention of dental diseases in children is the child’s timely visit to the dentist.