Dental diseases. Lesson topic: "Structure of the oral cavity

“Dental care rules” - Choosing a toothbrush and toothpaste. Useful tips. How to brush your teeth correctly. The structure of the tooth. Rules for brushing teeth. Dental hygiene. Learn the rules of brushing your teeth. The toothbrush is positioned vertically, the direction of movement is from the gums. An hour for a healthy smile. Finish brushing your teeth with circular movements. Study the structure of the tooth.

"Children's teeth" - Pediatric dentistry. The effectiveness of the method of silvering teeth has not been proven during extensive. Misconceptions about pediatric dentistry. How to take care of your teeth. Baby teeth. The best way to treat caries. Children's teeth. Baby's teeth. Pain in teeth. Carious teeth. Bracket systems. Malocclusion.

“Prevention of caries in children” - Prevention of caries in school-age children. The role of nutrition in the prevention of caries. How many teeth should a person have? Toothpastes. Dentist. Oral hygiene. Course of orthodontic treatment. Flossing. How to prevent the development of caries. Child's dental health. Personal oral hygiene.

“Beautiful and healthy teeth” - Products. Sore tooth. Smoking harms your teeth. How many times a year should you change your toothbrush? Sweets. Get checked by a dentist. Which tooth is healthy and which is sick. Use only high-quality pastes. A game. Healthy teeth. Guess the riddles.

“Healthy teeth” - When writing, the light should fall... You need to brush your teeth... Chewing surfaces of the teeth: Test yourself: How to brush your teeth correctly? The toothbrush is placed horizontally and a cleaning motion is performed. The use of sugar-free chewing gum also gives good results. Name 1 product of plant origin.

"Caries" - Dental diseases. Dental caries. Risk factors for caries. Caries of milk teeth. Data. Fluoride deficiency. Bottle caries. Local risk factors for caries. Increasing the duration of breastfeeding. Breast-feeding. Prevention strategy. International Dentist Day.

There are a total of 14 presentations in the topic

LOGO FEBRUARY 9, 2011 International Dentist Day Dental diseases This is a group of diseases of the oral cavity, teeth, and gums. The most common dental disease is caries. Untreated caries is dangerous due to complications (pulpitis, periodontitis). Dental diseases also include periodontal diseases (gingivitis, periodontitis, periodontal disease), non-carious dental lesions (fluorosis, etc.) FACTS In Russia, in 88% of cases in 6-year-olds, and in 85.7% of 15-year-old children, there are signs of periodontal disease: bleeding gums, tartar By the age of 35-44 years and 65 years and older, all those examined (89.5 - 99.5%) showed more severe periodontal lesions, with the presence of tartar and periodontal pockets of varying depths. The highest rates of need for sanitation were noted in the age group of children 6 years old, as well as among the adult population (3544 years old and 65 years old and older). In the Volgograd region, the prevalence of caries in children is 88%. In the adult population, the incidence of caries reaches 100%. DENTAL CARIES Caries is a disease of the hard tissues of the tooth, expressed in its sequential destruction (enamel, dentin, cement), with the formation of a cavity. Depending on the degree of damage, uncomplicated and complicated caries (pulpitis and periodontitis) are distinguished. Caries of primary teeth: damage to the tooth germs. The primary cause of early caries may be damage to the tooth germs in the prenatal period, which occurred due to diseases suffered by the mother during pregnancy (as well as as a result of taking certain medications during this period). These can be acute infectious diseases, toxicosis (especially late), stress, intoxication (bad environment, occupational hazards, bad habits). One of the factors that provoke caries in an unborn child may be frequent childbirth (with an interval of less than 2 years.) Prematurity, difficult childbirth, artificial feeding, and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract can also contribute to the occurrence of caries. Caries of baby teeth: carbohydrates In the future, caries of baby teeth may occur in a child if he is fed a large amount of carbohydrates. The nature of caries is closely related to the presence in the mouth of a large number of pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria) that actively multiply in a carbohydrate environment. As a result of the vital activity of microorganisms (enzymatic processing of carbohydrates), organic acids are formed, causing demineralization of the enamel. Therefore, dentists recommend replacing sugar-containing foods with foods containing xylitol (strawberries, onions, carrots). Dental caries: lack of fluorides The occurrence of caries is promoted by a lack of fluorides (fluoride compounds). Fluorides enter the body with water and food. Fluorides are a potential protective factor against caries because they inhibit the activity of enzymes involved in the formation of organic acids. Moreover, the introduction of fluorides orally is more effective than the local use of fluoride-containing drugs. However, it must be taken into account that fluorides in excess concentrations are toxic and cause fluorosis, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys. The optimal dose of fluoride is approximately 0.1 mg per 1 kg of body weight per day. There is an opinion that the degree of damage to dental caries in children in the first years of life is influenced by the age and state of health of the mother, seasonal characteristics, and the date of birth of the child. For example, it has been found that the older the mother, the lower the risk of dental caries in the child. Children born in the spring are more likely to suffer from caries. Caries of baby teeth: breastfeeding Increasing the duration of breastfeeding (up to 12 months or more) has a positive effect on the child’s dental health. But at the same time, the child’s sugar intake should be minimal. There is another side to this problem. Long-term (more than a year) breastfeeding must be combined with feeding the child a variety of foods (including solids), which leads to self-cleaning of the hard tissues of the teeth during chewing. At the same time, saliva is also cleansed of excess lactic acid bacteria in it. Caries of baby teeth: breastfeeding Increasing the duration of breastfeeding (up to 12 months or more) has a positive effect on the child’s dental health. But at the same time, the child’s sugar intake should be minimal. Long-term (more than a year) feeding should be combined with feeding the child a variety of foods (including solids), which leads to self-cleaning of the hard tissues of the teeth. At the same time, saliva is also cleared of excess lactic acid bacteria in it. Caries of primary teeth: bottle caries A special problem is the so-called “bottle caries”. Frequent bottle feeding, especially at night, causes easily fermentable carbohydrates to enter your baby's mouth and remain there overnight, feeding bacteria and causing tooth decay. “Bottle caries” is a very rapidly developing caries, occurring in 2.5-15% of cases. It is characterized by damage to the front 4-6 teeth and is manifested by a characteristic brownish coating. Later, the lesion can spread to the chewing teeth of both the upper and lower jaws. The occurrence of caries Caries occurs sequentially - first, a pigment spot (white, and then yellow) appears on the surface of the tooth enamel. Soon it turns brown. Subsequently, the enamel is destroyed, and then the dentin. This process proceeds quite slowly, in more rare cases - quickly. The resulting cavity, first in the enamel and then in the dentin, progresses in depth and width. Remains of food in it are a breeding ground for bacteria, which are found in large quantities in the oral cavity. "The first stage of caries can remain unchanged for years. If a carious cavity is detected, you should immediately consult a dentist. Otherwise, further tooth destruction will lead to pulpitis and cause severe toothache. RISK FACTORS FOR CARIES 1. Inadequate diet and drinking water. 2. Somatic diseases during the period Text maturation of dental tissues. 3. Extreme effects on the body. 4. Heredity, ensuring the usefulness of the enamel. Text LOCAL RISK FACTORS OF CARIES 1. Dental plaque and plaque. 2. Violation of the composition and properties of oral fluid. Text 3. Carbohydrate food residues in the oral cavity 4. Deviation in the biochemical composition of hard dental tissues and defective structure of dental tissues. Text 5. Condition of the dentoalveolar system during the period of formation, development and eruption of teeth. Prevention strategy 1. Dental education of the population; 2. Training in the rules of rational nutrition; 3. Training in the rules hygienic oral care 4. Endogenous use of fluoride preparations; 5. Use of local prophylactic agents; 6. Secondary prevention (sanitation of the oral cavity). LOGO

"Prevention of dental diseases"

Plan

I Introduction:

1) Definition of prevention of dental diseases;

2) Goals and objectives of prevention;

3) Relevance of the topic.

II Main part.

Methods for preventing major dental diseases:

1) Dental education of the population;

2) Training in the rules of rational nutrition;

3) Training in the rules of dental oral care;

4) Endogenous use of fluoride preparations;

5) Use of local prophylactic means;

6) Secondary prevention (sanitation of the oral cavity).

III Summary

IV Conclusions

V Bibliography

I Introduction.

Prevention of dental diseases is the prevention of the occurrence and development of oral diseases. The introduction of prevention programs leads to a sharp decrease in the intensity of dental caries and periodontal diseases, a significant decrease in cases of tooth loss at a young age and an increase in the number of children and adolescents with intact teeth. The cost of preventive methods is, on average, 20 times lower than the cost of treating existing dental diseases.

Dental morbidity in our country is quite high, and its further increase should be expected unless the conditions influencing the development of the disease are changed in a favorable direction.

Goals and objectives of prevention:

Reducing the intensity and prevalence of dental caries; increase in the number of people without caries.

Reducing the percentage of people with signs of periodontal tissue damage; reducing the number of sextants with bleeding, tartar and pathological pockets in a key age group in accordance with the index of need for the treatment of periodontal diseases.

Relevance of the topic:

The topic of prevention of dental diseases is very relevant, since the results of numerous studies show that the intensity of the main dental diseases (dental caries and periodontal disease) among the Russian population is quite high.

Thus, in three-year-old children, the intensity of caries in primary teeth is on average 3.7, that is, every three-year-old Russian child has almost 4 teeth affected by caries.

Subsequently, with age, a significant increase in caries activity is observed. By the age of 15, the average number of affected teeth among adolescents reaches 8.0. In the adult population, the incidence of dental caries reaches 100%.

As for the condition of periodontal tissues, it turned out to be unsatisfactory for the majority of the Russian population, regardless of age and place of residence. By the age of 35–44 years and older, almost all of the examined patients had severe periodontal lesions with a predominance of tartar and periodontal pockets of varying depths.

As for the Belgorod region, in 2000 periodontitis was registered in 52.18 cases, and in 2001 - 96.70 cases.

II Main part.

Basic prevention methods

dental diseases:

1) dental education of the population;

2) training in the rules of rational nutrition;

3) training in the rules of hygienic oral care;

4) endogenous use of fluoride preparations;

5) use of local prophylactic means;

6) secondary prevention (sanitation of the oral cavity).

Dental education methods include conversations, lectures, seminars, health lessons, games, etc.

Methods that involve the interested participation of the population are called active. Their advantage is the direct relationship and interaction between the specialist and the audience, which provides the best impact.

Methods that do not require the active participation of the population are called passive.

They do not require the presence of a medical professional, act for a long time and on a large audience. The disadvantage is the lack of feedback between patients and specialists.

Dental education, depending on the number of people involved in educational work, is divided into 3 organizational forms: mass, group, individual.

The steps that any person must overcome to develop a useful habit: knowledge => understanding => conviction => skill => habit.

Training in the rules of rational nutrition.

Nutrition can affect dental tissue in two ways: firstly, during tooth formation before eruption and, secondly, after eruption.

For the formation of teeth resistant to caries, one of the main conditions is the nutrition of a pregnant woman that is complete in terms of quality and quantity, including dairy products, minerals, vitamins, vegetables, and fruits. Nutrition is of great importance in the first year of a child’s life, when the formation and development of permanent teeth occurs.

The occurrence and progression of dental caries in the population is facilitated by the following dietary habits:

High content of easily fermentable carbohydrates in food, especially sugar;

Increasing the frequency of meals;

Reducing the consumption of foods that require intense chewing, which leads to an increase in salivary flow and “natural cleansing of the oral cavity”;

Reducing the consumption of foods that help inhibit dental caries.

Individual oral hygiene.

Personal hygiene involves careful and regular removal of dental plaque from the surfaces of teeth and gums by the patient himself using various hygiene products.

There are many methods for brushing your teeth. One of them is the standard method of brushing teeth Pakhomov G.N. It is as follows: teeth brushing begins with an area in the area of the upper right chewing teeth, sequentially moving from segment to segment. The teeth on the lower jaw are cleaned in the same order.

When cleaning the vestibular and oral surfaces of molars and premolars, the toothbrush is placed at an angle of 450 to the tooth and cleansing movements are made from the gum to the tooth. The chewing surfaces of the teeth are cleaned with horizontal movements. When cleaning the oral surface, the brush handle is positioned perpendicular to the occlusal plane of the teeth. Finish cleaning with circular movements.

The main tool for cleaning teeth is a toothbrush.

There are 5 degrees of toothbrush hardness: very hard, hard, medium, soft, very soft.

The most widely used brushes are medium-hard brushes.

Toothpicks are designed to remove food debris from interdental spaces and plaque from the lateral surfaces of teeth.

Fluxes are designed to thoroughly remove plaque and food debris from contact surfaces of teeth that are difficult to reach with a brush.

Toothpastes should be good at removing soft plaque and food debris; be pleasant to the taste, have good deodorizing and refreshing effects and have no side effects: locally irritating and allergenic.

The main components of toothpastes are abrasive, gel-forming and foaming substances, fragrances, and dyes.

The most widely used therapeutic and prophylactic agent is fluoride-containing toothpastes. The entry of fluoride into tooth enamel increases its resistance to acid demineralization due to the formation of structures more resistant to dissolution.

Toothpastes containing stone phosphates, sodium, calcium and sodium glycerophosphates, calcium gluconate, zinc oxide have a pronounced anti-caries effect.

Recently, therapeutic and prophylactic toothpastes have been widely used, which contain several medicinal plants (sage, peppermint, chamomile, echinacea, etc.).

Chewing gum is a means of improving the hygienic condition of the oral cavity by increasing the amount of saliva and the rate of salivation, which helps clean the tooth surface and neutralize organic acids secreted by plaque bacteria.

Dental elixirs are intended for rinsing the mouth. They improve the cleaning of dental surfaces, prevent the formation of plaque, and deodorize the oral cavity.

Endogenous methods of fluoride application.

The use of fluoride compounds for the prevention of dental caries can be divided into two main methods - systemic (endogenous) - the intake of fluorides into the body with water, salt, milk, in tablets or drops; and local (exogenous) - the use of solutions, gels, toothpastes, varnishes.

Products for topical use.

Fluoride-containing varnishes. They are used to prolong the period of exposure of fluorides to enamel. They form a film adjacent to the enamel that remains on the teeth for several hours, and in fissures, crevices and microspaces for several days and even weeks.

The average reduction in caries growth when using varnish is 50%.

Fluoride-containing solutions and gels.

Use drugs with a high concentration of sodium fluoride (2% sodium fluoride solution).

An effective remineralizing drug is Remodent, used in the form of an application solution and toothpaste.

Sealants for sealing dental fissures

The purpose of sealants is to create a physical barrier that prevents oral microorganisms and the end products of their vital activity from entering the retention areas of the enamel.

Stages of fissure sealing:

Etching tooth enamel with 35-37% phosphoric acid for 15-

20 seconds;

Washing acid from the tooth surface with a water-air jet;

Repeated isolation of the tooth from saliva using cotton swabs and a saliva ejector;

Drying the etched surface with air. Etched enamel should be a dull, matte, chalky white color.

The sealant should be applied immediately in a thin layer over the entire fissure-pit network of the chewing surface, while excluding the formation of air bubbles and overestimation of the occlusal height of the tooth.

Monitoring of the installation of sealant is carried out in the following periods: after a week, a month, six months and a year.

III Summary

Thus, from the above it follows that in the absence of prevention programs at the population level, the relatively low incidence of dental caries and mild periodontal disease in children and adolescents turns into a rather severe form in adults, which, in turn, leads to an increase in the need for therapeutic, surgical and orthopedic treatment.

IV Conclusions

Considering that the intensity of major dental diseases among the Russian population is quite high, knowledge and implementation of preventive measures is of great importance.

In addition to dentists, psychologists, teachers and other training specialists should participate in dental education.

It is advisable to start motivation with teachers and medical workers of children's institutions. After this, you should organize meetings with the children’s parents, explain to them the possibility and importance of preventing diseases of the teeth and gums, and talk about the rules and features of brushing children’s teeth.

An important step is motivating children. Classes with children should be strictly differentiated depending on their age: if it is better to conduct classes with young children in the form of a game, then you need to talk to older ones in the same way as with adults.

Thus, from the above it follows that to improve dental health at the population level, efforts are required not only by specialists, but also by society as a whole. A public opinion must be formed that taking care of oral health is as necessary as taking care of the beauty of your appearance.

Prevention of dental diseases in children aged 6 to 12 years The work was carried out by: 4th year student of the Faculty of Dentistry D.A. Safaryan. State budgetary educational institution of higher professional education First Moscow State Medical University named after. THEM. Sechenov

Methods for the prevention of major dental diseases: Dental education of the population Training in the rules of rational nutrition; Training in the rules of hygienic oral care; Endogenous use of fluoride preparations; Use of local prophylactic agents;

Methods of dental education Conversations Lectures Seminars Health lessons Games, etc. Methods that involve the interested participation of the population are called active. Their advantage is the direct relationship and interaction between the specialist and the audience, which provides the best impact. Methods that do not require the active participation of the population are called passive. They do not require the presence of a medical professional, act for a long time and on a large audience. The disadvantage is the lack of feedback between patients and specialists. Dental education, depending on the number of people involved in educational work, is divided into 3 organizational forms: mass, group, individual. The steps that any person must overcome to develop a useful habit: knowledge => understanding => belief => skill => habit. understanding => belief => skill => habit.">

General characteristics of the period from 6 to 12 years The eruption of permanent teeth and the replacement of milk teeth continues. This condition is called "changeable" dentition. In teeth that have already erupted, the formation of roots ends (completely by the age of 14) (i.e., at first they are not formed, and the tooth is already “outside”, and its root in the jaw only continues its formation and after some time its apex closes ). The maxillary sinus is finally formed and acquires a constant size, because at an earlier age, its development is “hampered” by the rudiments of permanent teeth located in the jaw. The structure of the bone tissue of the jaws becomes denser.

Typical problems and symptoms of the period Typical problems of this age are an increase in carious teeth due to even poorer hygiene (children go to school, they have no time to do it well in the morning, and control on the part of parents decreases - school-age children are already considered independent).

Typical problems and symptoms of the period Injuries also become very typical at this age: fractures of the crowns of permanent incisors (possibly when visiting sports sections or during independent walks on winter slides). The complexity of these injuries is that when the crown of a tooth is broken, the dental pulp (the neurovascular bundle inside the enamel and dentin) is often exposed, and in some cases it is not possible to remove the “nerve” and fill the canal, since the root of the tooth has not yet formed ( its apex in the jaw is not closed, and it is a bell, like an open funnel, and not a closed cone like in adults). Therefore, the treatment of such teeth is carried out under long-term and constant supervision; it requires careful monitoring; doctors, as it were, grow the root of the tooth, and only then, if necessary, fill the canal.

Typical problems and symptoms of the period Bite pathologies form (sucking a pencil or pen in the mouth while studying), open bite (children go to school, the load on the immune system increases, colds become more frequent, as a possible result of untreated runny nose - adenoids and, accordingly, predominantly oral breathing, and as a result of bite pathology). If the permanent chewing teeth have not been sealed, then the inflammatory process in the pulp (pulpitis) that follows caries is also difficult to treat due to the unformed roots (only chewing teeth are already multi-rooted teeth, i.e. even more difficult to treat if the roots are not yet formed). roots at a given age). The roots of 6 teeth are finally formed, as a rule, by the age of 18 years, the roots of the incisors by 8-10 years.

Teaching the rules of rational nutrition Nutrition can influence dental tissue in two ways: firstly, during the formation of the tooth before eruption and, secondly, after eruption. For the formation of teeth resistant to caries, one of the main conditions is the qualitatively and quantitatively complete nutrition of a pregnant woman, including dairy products, minerals, vitamins, vegetables, and fruits. Nutrition is of great importance in the first year of a child’s life, when the formation and development of permanent teeth occurs. The occurrence and progression of dental caries in the population is facilitated by the following dietary features: - high content of easily fermentable carbohydrates in food, especially sugar; - increasing the frequency of meals; - reducing the consumption of foods that require intensive chewing, which leads to an increase in saliva flow and “natural cleansing of the oral cavity”; - reducing the consumption of food that helps inhibit dental caries.

Pastes and gels for cleaning teeth tooth powders mouth rinses chewing gum, sugar-free toothbrushes devices for cleaning the tongue interdental brushes (brushes) dental floss toothpicks interdental stimulators oral irrigators care products for removable orthopedic and orthodontic structures dyes for self-identification of dental deposits Interdental brushes, dental floss, toothpicks, interdental stimulators and single-tuft special toothbrushes can be combined into a group of interdental oral hygiene products Products for individual oral care include:

Toothpaste is a combination of abrasive material and fragrance, bound together into a cohesive mass; With the help of a toothbrush, it is used to clean the accessible surfaces of the teeth. The main components of toothpaste are: abrasive (scraping) gel-forming and foaming substances, dyes, fragrances and substances that improve taste, active reagents that provide therapeutic and prophylactic properties of the paste Toothpastes

Fluoride-containing toothpastes Elmex-gel toothpastes containing mg/kg olafur are recommended for use once a week by children aged 6 years and older with an increased risk of dental caries under adult supervision. The use of the gel is also indicated when using orthodontic appliances. The gel, like the paste, is used to clean teeth for 2 minutes. Children should not swallow the gel. After brushing, rinse your mouth with tap water.

Fluoride-containing toothpastes The effectiveness of fluoride-containing toothpastes depends on the fluoride content in them. The anticarious effect of toothpaste increases with increasing fluoride concentration to 2500 mg/kg. For every 500 mg/kg increase in fluoride content, the anti-caries effect increases by 6%. The anticarious effect of the paste begins when it contains 250 mg/kg F -. The European Commission has set a limit for the concentration of fluoride, which should not exceed 1500 mg/kg. For professional local use of fluoride in dentistry, gels containing mg/kg F - are produced. Toothpastes

Toothpastes for children The requirements for children's toothpastes are as follows: Low abrasiveness. For temporary teeth and newly erupted permanent teeth, as well as with reduced acid resistance of the enamel, the use of gel pastes is optimal. The RDA value for baby toothpastes should not exceed SO. The absence of flavoring additives that can make a child want to eat pasta or accustom him to a sweet taste. It is preferable to use neutral, mint or fruit flavors that do not cause rejection in the child. Attractive appearance and child-friendly packaging.

Toothpastes for children Toothpastes for children 7-12 years old: Blend-a-med (Junior Gel) (NaF, phosphates); Colgate junior (0.15% NaF 680 ppm F -); Colgate junior super star (0.76% Na 2 PO 3 F 1000 ppm F -); My first Colgate (NaF); Dental dream for children (0.5% Na 2 PO 3 F 660 ppm F -, calcium lactate); Four Fruit (Na 2 PO 3 F, NaF); Mildfresh junior (0.76% Na 2 PO 3 F ppm F -); Sanino Junior (Na 2 PO 3 F); New Pearl Junior 7-12 years (0.76% Na 2 PO 3 F 1000 ppm F -, tea tree oil); Children's pearl complex (Na 2 PO 3 F 500 ppm F -, calcium glycerophosphate); Karimed for children (NaF, calcium gluconate); Prodent for teenagers (NaF + Na 2 PO 3 F).

Toothpastes for children When children use toothpastes, especially during the period of learning to brush their teeth, parental supervision is necessary. It is known that the antibacterial and remineralizing effect of toothpastes occurs when the paste is in the mouth for at least 23 minutes, which requires thorough brushing of the teeth.

Tongue Cleaning Pad!!! Small oval brush head with a soft material edging Area for applying toothpaste Multi-level bristles Non-slip, soft, voluminous handle with a curve for the thumb Toothbrush for oral care for children over 5 years old, who still have baby teeth and permanent teeth have already appeared. For effective brushing of mixed teeth and cleaning the tongue For teaching children proper oral hygiene To protect gums For applying the recommended amount of toothpaste For more convenient and effective brushing of teeth For convenience and comfort when brushing teeth Colgate Smiles 5+ Colgate Smiles 5+

Mouth rinse solutions For daily rinses, use 0.05%, and for weekly rinses, 0.20% sodium fluoride solution. Rinse solutions are recommended for both individual use and in groups of children in school classes. Mouth rinse solutions are usually divided into two groups: solutions containing first and second generation antimicrobial agents. Most of the solutions currently produced belong to the first generation, since their active components are able to block the growth of microorganisms for only 30 minutes, and some of them act even less than 30 minutes.

Toothbrushes Currently, there are many models of toothbrushes on sale, differing in the size and shape of the working head, the length and type of elastic bristles, the ratio of the angle of the brush head in relation to its handle, etc. Differences in toothbrush design, as well as the chemical composition and arrangement of bristles and their tufts, have been the subject of numerous studies and publications on the topic of choosing the optimal toothbrush design. The literature is dominated by the position that the brushes, rounded at the end of the bristles, should be soft, made of nylon, and collected in a bunch on a short head. Each toothbrush consists of a handle and a working part - a head with bushes of bristles planted in it. Recently, synthetic fibers (nylon, setron, perlon, derlon, polyurethane, etc.) have been used to make brushes.

Toothbrushes There are 4 levels of toothbrush hardness: hard, medium hard, soft and very soft. The exception is children's toothbrushes, which are made from soft and very soft bristles. The most effective are brushes of medium hardness and softness, since their bristles, being more flexible, clean the gingival sulcus and penetrate better into the interdental spaces. Very soft brushes are recommended for use during the period of treatment of periodontal diseases, when the condition of the gums does not allow vigorous brushing of the teeth. If the teeth and periodontal condition are normal, it is recommended to use brushes of medium hardness and soft ones.

Toothbrushes For children under 12 years old, soft brushes with a working head of up to 25 mm are recommended. It is important for parents to monitor the condition of the brush. Depending on its quality, the brush can be used for cleaning teeth, i.e. for 2 months (Marthaler T.M., 1988; 1990). A – 3 rows of tufts B – 4 rows of tufts Dimensions and number of tufts of toothbrush bristles for children aged 2 to 12 years (A) and over the age of 12 years (B)

Toothbrushes When choosing a toothbrush, you should be guided by the following basic rules (Marthaler T.M., 1990): the brush should have a comfortable handle and not rotate during cleaning; the design of the brush should not determine its movement; the brush should not contribute to horizontal movements; (d) the brush must be appropriate for the person’s age

Oral care using a company toothbrush (2 times a day after meals, brush your teeth for at least 2 minutes, tongue for 10 seconds) The outer surface of the teeth is cleaned with sweeping movements in the direction from the gum to the edge of the tooth. The brush head is positioned at an angle of 45 0 to the surface to be cleaned. The inner surface of the back (chewing) teeth should be cleaned with circular movements, the front teeth with short vertical movements. The chewing surface of the teeth should be cleaned by moving the brush back and forth. Higher bristles on the tip of the brush provide better access to the back of your teeth Tongue cleanser uses a unique pad on the back of the brush head to remove bacteria that causes bad breath

Methods of brushing teeth Teeth brushing methods recommended by many authors differ in the nature of the movement of the toothbrush over the surface of the teeth, namely vertical, horizontal, circular, vibrating and sweeping. A detailed analysis of the available literature data indicates significant disagreements among authors in assessing their effectiveness, with the exception of the circular method, the Bass method. The circular and Bass method of teeth cleaning methods, which are recognized by most researchers as the most effective for the complete removal of dental plaque. A toothbrush at an angle of 45° relative to the long axis of the tooth, using circular sweeping movements, frees the tooth surface from plaque.

Dental flosses The main purposes of using flosses are to thoroughly remove plaque from hard-to-reach side surfaces, as well as remove food debris stuck between teeth. Waxed and unwaxed threads, round and flat, are used; regardless of this, if the thread is used correctly, the cleaning efficiency is the same. Flat and waxed floss is more convenient, as it passes through contact points more easily, does not break, and covers a larger surface of the tooth. For this purpose, you can use silk or gray thread.

Sealants (sealants) for enamel fissures The next stage of preventive treatment after filling active carious lesions is covering (sealing) fissures and pits with sealants, which are a plastic material that functions as a physical barrier for cariogenic bacteria. Sealants can stop the carious process in the early stages of its development. The method of using sealants is quite simple, but requires careful adherence to the manufacturer's instructions, especially to prevent moisture from entering the surgical field.

Fluoride varnish Currently, the market is dominated by fluoride varnishes Duraphat, Duraflor, Fluor Protector, Cavity Shield (Colgate Oral Pharmaceuticals; Pharmascience, Montreal, Canada; Ivoclar/Vivadent and OMNII Oral Pharmaceuticals, respectively). Duraphat, Duraflor and OMNII contain 5% sodium fluoride, and Fluor Protector contains 0.1% sodium fluoride.

Phosphate-acidified sodium fluoride gels Applications of acidified gels must be carried out with extreme caution to prevent the possibility of ingestion, and in this regard, the WHO Expert Committee on Dentistry recommended that the following rules be followed: the amount of gel placed in the dental tray should not exceed 2 ml or 40% of its volume for the application of individual teeth in individually made trays, no more than 5-10 drops of gel should be used, the patient should be in a chair in a sitting position, and his head slightly tilted forward, a saliva ejector should be constantly used when applying the gel to the teeth, ceramic crowns and prosthetic elements are necessary cover with petroleum jelly; remove residual saliva using a saliva ejector; upon completion of the application, the duration of the application should be no more than 4 minutes; after the application, the patient is not recommended to eat for 30 minutes. If caries is active, it is recommended to repeat gel applications every six months; do not leave the patient unattended during application; keep the gel out of reach of others.

Pathogenetic prevention Remineralizing therapy "Remodent" "Osteovit" "Vita" Remineralizing calcium-phosphate-containing gels Remineralizing solutions obtained by dialysis of salt solutions through semi-permeable membranes Fluoride prevention Caries reduction Rinsing with 0.02-0.20% fluoride solutions 40% Applications with 1-2% solutions and fluoride gels53% Teeth brushing with fluoride-containing pastes16-30% Electrophoretic introduction of fluorides29% Fluoride varnishes40-45% Dental fissure isolationUp to 90% Deep fluoridation according to Knappvost95%

The use of fluorides in mass prevention programs for dental caries Method of application of fluoride gels It is necessary to take all measures to minimize the ingestion of the gel by the patient. Limit the amount of gel to 2 ml, which is approximately 40% of the volume of an individual spoon. Limit the amount of gel placed on the sponge to 5-10 drops. Place the patient in a sitting position with the head tilted forward. Use a saliva ejector throughout the procedure. After the procedure, the patient must spit saliva or hold the saliva ejector for 30 seconds. Keep the gel container away from the patient. Do not leave the patient alone. The duration of the procedure should not exceed four minutes.

The use of fluoride in mass prevention programs for dental caries Self-used gels All measures must be taken to minimize the ingestion of the gel by the patient. FLUORIDE GELS Concentration F - Use self-use (ppm) professional use (12300 ppm) 2 times a year professional procedures 1 time per week home use

The use of fluorides in mass prevention programs for dental caries Fluoride varnishes Varnishes are applied to the teeth with a brush or using a special syringe. The effectiveness of varnishes has been confirmed in community programs for the prevention of dental caries. Recently, the use of fluoride varnishes as an alternative method of preventing dental caries has been increasing due to the low labor intensity for staff and the low time investment for the patient. The use of fluoride varnishes is recommended 2-3 times a year in patients at risk of caries. There are no contraindications.

The use of fluorides in programs for mass prevention of dental caries RINSING WITH FLUORIDE SOLUTIONS Daily Weekly 0.05% sodium fluoride solution (230 ppm) should not be stored in places inaccessible to children 0.2% sodium fluoride solution (900 ppm) (or 2 times a week) not recommended for children under 6 years of age WHO, 1994

FLUORIDE-CONTAINING TOOTHPASTE FOR CHILDREN Fluorides sodium fluoride sodium monofluorophosphate aminofluoride Efficacy Doses of fluoride Use Quality 2500 ppm - dangerous 25% when brushing teeth throughout life children adults When used from a very early age, mild forms of dental fluorosis are possible Not recommended

Chewing gum does not directly affect cariogenic factors plaque microorganisms substrate (food carbohydrates) fluoride deficiency with the exception of F-containing Chewing gum stimulates the secretion of saliva minerals microelements buffering properties bactericidal properties removal of food debris Dental tactics regarding the widespread habit of chewing gum among the population

1 slide

2 slide

Dentofacial anomalies (DFA) are conditions that include hereditary disorders of the development of the dental system and acquired anomalies, expressed in abnormalities of the teeth, jaw bones and the relationship of the dentition of varying degrees of severity.

3 slide

Activities to ensure the prevention of dentofacial anomalies: clinical examination of children (identify and diagnose dentofacial anomalies, eliminate predisposing factors for their development; identification of groups for dispensary observation and drawing up a plan of preventive and therapeutic measures (for pediatricians of all profiles of specialized services);

4 slide

timely referral of children with developed anomalies to a doctor for treatment; control over the elimination of identified causative factors of anomalies in children; organizing and conducting training in children's groups for children, their parents, teaching and medical personnel in the methods of hygiene measures.

5 slide

Preventive measures should be built taking into account the age periods of the child’s development. The most favorable period for the prevention of dentoalveolar anomalies is the period of active jaw growth associated with the formation of the primary occlusion, which coincides with the early preschool and preschool age of the child. During the period of mixed dentition, preventive measures become less effective. Children with permanent dentition are diagnosed with formed dental anomalies that require labor-intensive treatment.

6 slide

Intrauterine and postnatal risk factors. 1. Intrauterine period: Endogenous: - genetic conditioning (complete or partial edentia, supernumerary teeth, individual micro-or macrodentia, violation of the structure of dental enamel, micro- or macrognathia, pro- or retrognathia, anomalies in the size and attachment of the frenulum of the tongue, lips)

7 slide

Exogenous: mechanical (trauma, bruise of a pregnant woman; tight clothing of the expectant mother) chemical (alcoholism and smoking of future parents); occupational hazards (working with varnishes, paints, chemicals); biological (diseases suffered by a pregnant woman: tuberculosis, syphilis, rubella, mumps, some forms of influenza, toxoplasmosis); mental (stressful situations in the mother); radiation factors

8 slide

Postnatal risk factors Violation of proper artificial feeding of the child; Disorders of the functions of the dental system - chewing, swallowing, breathing and speech; Bad habits - sucking a pacifier, fingers, tongue, cheeks, various objects, incorrect posture and posture; Past inflammatory diseases of the soft and bone tissues of the face, temporomandibular joint; Injuries to teeth and jaws; Scar changes in soft tissues after burns and removal of tumors of the oral cavity and jaws;

Slide 9

Dental caries and its consequences; Insufficient physiological abrasion of temporary teeth; Premature loss of primary teeth; Premature loss of permanent teeth; Delay in the loss of temporary teeth (the reference point is the timing of the eruption of permanent teeth); Delay in the eruption of permanent teeth (the reference point is the timing of the eruption of permanent teeth); Absence of diastema by the age of 5-6 years.

10 slide

Prenatal prevention activities are carried out in the antenatal clinic by improving the health of the pregnant woman’s body: Elimination of occupational hazards Establishing a rational daily and nutritional regimen Treatment of infectious diseases, combating toxicosis Sanitation of the oral cavity Dental education

11 slide

Postnatal prevention depends on the age of the child Children of the first year of life: Etiological factors: artificial feeding - this does not require significant muscle effort and the state of infant retrogenia is preserved, a tendency towards distal occlusion is created, swallowing rather than sucking function predominates. improper artificial feeding - using a hard and long nipple, which can cause injury to the oral mucosa, or a very soft one with one large hole at the end - does not require effort from the child when feeding; when a child is left alone with a bottle, the bottle’s neck puts pressure on the alveolar process, deforming it;

12 slide

birth trauma - forcible extraction of the fetus by the lower jaw - in this case the growth zone - the condylar process - suffers; past diseases - rickets - which can result in deformities of both the upper and lower jaw

Slide 13

hematogenous osteomyelitis - the causative agent of this disease settles mainly in the growth zones - on the upper jaw, zygomatic and frontal processes, on the lower jaw - in the articular processes; pustular diseases of the skin; breathing through the mouth due to insufficient cleansing of the nasal passages from crusts or due to partial or complete atresia

Slide 14

Preventive measures: Natural feeding - the act of sucking is a powerful stimulator for bone growth. When sucking, the lower jaw changes position in the anteroposterior direction due to muscle contraction. The pressure is transmitted to the bone beams and the blood vessels that supply them. As a result, the growth zones receive an impulse and the physiological process of growth occurs. During the period of natural feeding, pressure is exerted on the palate, which ensures growth and an increase in the volume of the upper jaw.

15 slide

Proper artificial feeding, the nipple on the bottle should be of a physiological shape, elastic, resilient, and have several small holes. The optimal time for sucking a portion of food from a 200.0 ml bottle is at least 15 minutes. A shorter duration leads to underdevelopment of the lower jaw. When feeding, you need to hold the baby at an angle, as when breastfeeding. The bottle is also placed at an angle so that it does not put pressure on the baby’s lower jaw

16 slide

The flat part of the nipple ensures the correct position of the tongue, identical to natural during breastfeeding. Thanks to the wide base of the nipple, the baby's lips are wide open, as during natural feeding.

Slide 17

Correct position of the child during sleep. A newborn should sleep without a pillow on an orthopedic mattress. It is also necessary to turn the child on the left, right side and lay him on his stomach to prevent retraction (prevention of distal occlusion) and displacement of the lower jaw to the right or left (crossbite) prevention of rickets (carried out by pediatricians) prevention of pustular lesions skin diseases; compliance with the rules of hygiene of the maxillofacial area;

18 slide

From 5-6 months of age, complementary feeding must be introduced from a spoon, so that when food is captured, the lower jaw moves forward, as well as the muscles of the chin, mandibular and cervical areas are tensed, which will subsequently ensure the normal function of swallowing, movement of the lower jaw and movements in the TMJ. Starting from 6 months. age, it is necessary to introduce coarser foods (meat, vegetables) into the child’s diet, which allows them to develop the skills of biting, chewing and evenly distributing food throughout the oral cavity. In this case, the lips should be closed, the tongue should be positioned behind the teeth, and the muscles of the perioral cavity should not tense during swallowing.

Slide 19

timely lengthening of the shortened frenulum of the tongue; using a pacifier - no more than 15-20 minutes after eating, during sleep, while awake - using a pacifier is not recommended. Long-term use of a pacifier (more than 1-1.5 years) leads to the formation of an open bite. The critical time for using a pacifier is 6 hours a day. prophylactic pacifier with the thinnest neck (1) and flat head (2), model “Dentistar”.

20 slide

Children of the 2nd and 3rd year of life (the period of formation of temporary occlusion) Etiological factors: Bad habits (finger sucking, pacifiers, various objects, eating with a pacifier); Rickets - lack of Vigamin "D"; Lack of hard foods in the child’s diet; Difficulty in nasal breathing;

21 slides

Preventive measures: Elimination of bad habits Balanced diet, use of hard foods when chewing Pediatric correction of rickets Plastic frenulum of the tongue in order to properly form speech function; Formation of oral hygiene skills.

22 slide

preventive vestibular plate “Stoppie”, designed for weaning from sucking a pacifier or finger; regular use for 1-2 hours during the day, as well as during sleep, allows you to correct the bite in a natural way, because the design of the plate does not interfere with the closure of the incisors and prevents the tongue from getting between the upper and lower dentition. The record is recommended for children from 2 to 5 years old

Slide 23

Children aged 3-6 years (period of formed primary occlusion) Etiological factors: Impaired nasal breathing function - manifests itself in the form of mixed or mouth breathing. Depending on the combination with other factors, it contributes to the formation of various anomalies - open, progenic, deep, prognathic bites and dentition anomalies. Dysfunction of swallowing - infantile swallowing Dysfunction of chewing - - is an active factor in the formation of open, cross, progenic and other types of pathological bite.

24 slide

25 slide

Violation of the physiological abrasion of primary teeth. The abrasion of primary teeth is caused by functional loads in connection with the development of the chewing function and changes in the structure and properties of the enamel of primary teeth caused by the resorption of their roots. The first signs of physiological abrasion appear on the incisors at 3 years of age; by 4-5 years it spreads to the canines and molars. Thanks to the abrasion of the tubercles of temporary teeth, a smooth sliding of the lower dentition in relation to the upper one is ensured, optimal conditions are created for full chewing and the formation of a correct bite.