Bladder. Surgical anatomy of the female bladder

The bladder, vesica urinaria, is a hollow, flat-rounded muscular organ located in the pelvic cavity, directly behind the pubic symphysis.

The size and shape of the bladder in women change depending on how full it is with urine. A full bladder is pear-shaped. Its wide part faces upward and backward, and its narrow part faces downward and anteriorly. The empty bladder, when its walls collapse, has a saucer shape; its capacity is on average 750 cm3. The bladder is located in the pelvic cavity. It consists of a reservoir (detrusor) and an obturator apparatus (sphincters). Anatomically, the middle part, the apex, the bottom and the neck of the bladder, which passes into the urethra, are distinguished. At the bottom there are two orifices of the ureters.

In women, the posterior surface of the bladder is connected to the anterior wall of the cervix and the upper part of the anterior wall of the vagina. The loose connective tissue here is abundantly supplied with venous vessels. On the sides from the posterior surface of the bladder to the rectum there are bundles of smooth muscle fibers that form the rectovesical muscles.

Functionally, the bladder is intended for:

• accumulation of urine passing through the ureters,
• holding it until a certain time and
• evacuation through the urethra.

The accumulation of urine in the bladder and the periodic removal of urine from the body is a complex act, which is ensured by the correct and precise coordination of the muscles of the bladder and the sphincters of the urethra.

HOW URINATION OCCURS

When urine accumulates in the bladder (this is called the “reservoir function” and it lasts from 2 to 5 hours), its cavity increases, but this increase is accompanied by only a slight increase in the tension of the bladder walls. The property of smooth muscles to stretch to a certain limit, almost without changing the tension of its walls, is especially pronounced in the smooth muscles of the bladder. Relaxation of its wall facilitates accommodation to a further increase in volume with the continued flow of urine. Contraction of the detrusor in the absence of relaxation of the sphincter does not lead to urination. In this case, the most acute sensation of urge arises. If the bladder does not empty, these detrusor contractions subside and begin again as the bladder continues to fill.

When the filling of a girl’s bladder reaches a certain critical value, the flow of impulses emanating from the bladder increases due to irritation of receptors located mainly between the folds, and urination reflexes come into play: the bladder muscle contracts while the sphincters and urine flow are relaxed, without meeting resistance, it pours out. Due to the contraction of the abdominal muscles, pressure in the abdominal cavity increases, which also promotes faster and more complete emptying of the bladder. Do you have pain when urinating? Find out if it's urethritis...

In contrast to the accumulation phase, evacuation (urination) in girls is a process voluntarily controlled by consciousness, developed by education during the first three years of life. Voluntary urination is carried out after a “command” from the cerebral cortex by contraction of the detrusor, an increase in intra-abdominal pressure, which leads to relaxation of the neck of the bladder and the initial part of the urethra. Insufficient or incorrect educational measures contribute to the maintenance of urination in young children according to the unconditional reflex scheme, which is accompanied by urinary incontinence, especially at night.

HOW MUCH URINE CAN THE BLADDER CARE??

The physiological capacity of the bladder in a woman depends on age: in newborns it is 5-10 ml, during the first year of life it increases to 40-50 ml, in adults it ranges from 200 to 400 ml, in older people it increases due to age-related hypotension muscles.

The occurrence of bladder pathology largely depends on the condition of the genitals and intestines. Chronic cystitis with frequent exacerbations contributes to decreased sexual desire and lack of orgasm in women. In case of improper contraction of the sphincters of the bladder and urethra in men, urination is impaired and it is possible for semen to be thrown into the bladder during ejaculation, which causes male infertility.

TREATMENT OF BLADDER DISEASE IN WOMEN

Bladder pain? What should a girl do if she has unpleasant sensations when going to the toilet, and urinating becomes painful and uncomfortable? In addition, perhaps you are worried about itching and some kind of discharge? Does cystitis start after intimacy? All of these symptoms could be signs of a possible illness, such as inflammation in the bladder or urethra. You can’t do this without the help of a competent gynecologist!

If you need the help of a good specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of the bladder, our clinic offers a full range of services. At the initial appointment, the doctor determines the range of issues that need to be addressed, conducts the necessary examination and draws up an individual plan. In addition to generally accepted methods of therapy (medication, drugs, etc.), some folk remedies in many cases can significantly increase its effectiveness.

The bladder is one of the important elements of the human excretory system. Organ diseases lead to serious and unpleasant consequences.

Structure of the bladder and its functions

The bladder is a kind of reservoir bag located in the pelvis. Urine flows into it from the kidneys, accumulates, and then is excreted from the body through the urethra. It consists of the following departments:

• tops;
• bodies;
• cervix.

The apex of the organ passes into the median umbilical ligament, the lower part gradually flows into the urethra.

The mucous membrane is formed by the transitional epithelium and lamina propria, formed by connective tissue of loose consistency, overgrown with blood vessels. Transitional epithelium, or urothelium, contains 3-6 layers of cells. The covering is represented by umbrella cells. Muscle tissue is represented by three layers of bundles of smooth muscle cells that intersect. All fibers are directed towards the neck of the organ.

The volume of the bubble increases as liquid enters, and after emptying it contracts. A person begins to feel the urge to urinate when the volume of accumulated urine reaches 150-200 ml due to irritation of baroreceptors located in the muscles. In this case, the wall becomes thinner to approximately 3 mm, and after emptying it thickens again to 12 mm or more.

Diseases

The following pathologies are typical for the bladder:

• - one of the most common “female” diseases, accompanied by an inflammatory process that can be caused by a bacterial infection and other factors - for example, tumors, blood stagnation, hypothermia;
• — formation of stones and sand due to genetic predisposition, metabolic disorders, chronic diseases of the digestive system, lack of vitamin D, etc.;
• (malignant and benign) - this pathology is detected in every fourth patient; bladder cancer is extremely rare in women;
• leukoplakia - accompanied by keratinization of epithelial cells, pale areas are formed on the mucous membrane, which are higher than the surface of healthy tissue;
• - the reason for this is damage to the nerve endings, fluid leaks out in small portions and spontaneously, often as a result of injuries to the sacrum;
• - characterized by prolapse of the bladder and vagina;
• tuberculosis - usually occurs against the background of a lung disease of the same name and occurs with virtually no symptoms.

Symptoms

Many disorders in the functioning of the organ are accompanied by characteristic manifestations. These include:

• pain in the lower abdomen;
• frequent urge to urinate;
• difficult, painful bowel movement or;
• - urination occurs mainly at night;
• unpleasant odor, change in the appearance of the liquid - turbidity, darkening, presence of traces of blood.

Diagnostics

To accurately determine the cause that caused the malaise, a clear differentiation of diseases is carried out. For this purpose the following are widely used:

• X-ray anatomy, including the introduction of a contrast agent, which allows obtaining contrast cystography to establish the shape and condition of the walls of the organ;
• ultrasonography;
• biopsy, cystoscopy;
• PCR diagnostics, which helps to identify an infectious pathogen;
• bacteriological urine culture;
• analysis of vaginal microflora in women and others.

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The bladder, vesicaurinaria, is a hollow muscular organ of a flat-rounded shape, located in the pelvic cavity, directly behind the pubic fusion. Two ureters approach the bladder from above, connecting it to the kidneys. Below, one urethra emerges from it. The volume of the bladder varies in adults from 0.25 to 0.5 (sometimes even up to 0.7) liters. When empty, its walls contract; when filled, they stretch.

The size and shape of the bladder changes depending on its filling with urine. When filled, it has a pear-shaped shape. Its wide part faces upward and backward, and its narrow part faces downward and forward. The empty bladder, when its walls collapse, has a saucer shape.

The structure of the bladder is the same in men and women. In men, the prostate is adjacent to the lower outer part of the bladder, and the seminal ducts are located on its sides. In women, the back of the bladder borders the uterus and vagina. A significant difference is observed in the length of the urethra. So, in men it is 15 centimeters or more long, and in women it is only 3 centimeters.

The following parts are distinguished in the bladder:
- apex, apexvesicae;
- bottom, fundus vesicae;
- body, corpus vasicae;
- neck, cervixvasicae.

The top of the bladder faces up and forward, the bottom faces back and down. The body is located between the apex and the bottom, and the neck is at the junction of the bladder and the urethra.

Important components of the bladder are the sphincters. There are two of them: the first voluntary one is formed by smooth muscles and is located at the very beginning of the urethra (urethra). The second is formed by striated muscles and is located in the middle of the urethra. It is involuntary. During the release of urine, the muscles of both sphincters relax, while the muscles of the walls of the bladder tense.

The bladder wall consists of:
- mucous membrane, tunicamucosa;
- submucosal layer, telasubmucosa;
- muscular membrane, tunicamuscularis;
- fascial or partially peritoneal cover, tunicaadventitia.

The mucous membrane is grayish-red in color. Folds are absent only in the area of ​​the bottom of the bladder, where the mucous membrane is devoid of a submucosal layer and is fused with the muscular layer. This area is called the bladder triangle, trigonumvesicae. Between the openings of the ureter there is an interurinary fold, which prevents urine from flowing back into the ureter.

The submucosal layer is represented by loose, unformed connective tissue. It contains networks of blood and lymphatic vessels and nerve elements.

The muscular layer is quite thick and forms the bulk of the wall. It consists of bundles of smooth muscle fibers arranged in three layers: outer, inner and middle. These layers of smooth muscle fibers combine to form the bladder muscle, which contracts to push urine out.

The serous membrane (peritoneum) covers the bladder and partially the surface of half of the posterior and lateral surfaces; on the remaining surface it has a fascial cover.

The blood supply to the bladder is carried out by the superior and inferior cystic arteries and partially by the branches of the pudendal and obturator arteries. The venous plexuses are located in the circumference of the anterior-inferior portion of the bladder. The outflow of blood occurs through the cystic veins.

Lymphatic drainage is carried out through lymphatic vessels, which originate from the lymphatic networks of capillaries of the subserous and submucosal plexus and flow into the internal iliac lymph nodes, nodilymphatici Chassis intemi.

The bladder is innervated by the superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses. Efferent parasympathetic fibers begin at the level of the II-IV sacral segments of the spinal cord and regulate the contraction of the detrusor and the relaxation of the sphincter of the bladder, and the sympathetic nerves regulate the relaxation of the detrusor and the contraction of the sphincter. Afferent pathways pass through the inferior mesenteric, superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses, as well as the pelvic splanchnic nerves.

The function of the bladder is to accumulate and retain urine (reservoir function), as well as to remove it (evacuation function). When it fills with urine, numerous nerve endings located in the walls are irritated. This irritation is transmitted along nerve pathways to the cerebral cortex, informing it of the need to empty the bladder. In response to this, there is a desire to visit the toilet. At the moment of urination, under the influence of a nerve impulse coming from the cerebral cortex, the muscular wall of the bladder contracts, and all urine is expelled.

BLADDER DISEASES

The most sensible thing to do if your bladder hurts is not to delay visiting a doctor. Usually, if problems arise in the genitourinary area, they turn to a urologist. Symptoms of bladder diseases:
- pain in the lower abdomen;
- pain when urinating;
- urine color changes;
- urine becomes cloudy;
- blood appears in the urine;
- urine has an unpleasant odor;
- urination occurs frequently;
- urination is performed with effort;
- urinary incontinence;
- urination at night.

If any of these symptoms appear, you should consult a doctor, as these signs may indicate a possible bladder pathology. Problems with the bladder are not the case when you should self-medicate, since it can hurt for a variety of reasons, which only a specialist can identify. Having determined the cause of the pain and made a diagnosis, the doctor will prescribe treatment.

Among all diseases of the bladder, inflammation (cystitis) is most often observed. It is caused by various pathogenic microflora, which can enter it through the urethra (ascending route) or from the kidneys (descending route). The occurrence of the disease is facilitated by hypothermia, poor personal hygiene, and urinary calculi. Inflammatory diseases of the bladder are observed much more often in women than in men. This is due to the fact that women have a wider and shorter urethra, through which the infection easily penetrates into the bladder cavity. With cystitis, patients complain of pain in the lower abdomen, which is nagging in nature. Urination is sharply painful, frequent, and urine is released in small portions, sometimes literally drop by drop.

Cystitis can be acute or chronic.
Acute cystitis occurs suddenly after hypothermia, any infectious disease, or injury. In acute inflammation, urinary disorders quickly increase in the first days. Initially, disturbances in urinary frequency appear.
Chronic cystitis is manifested by the proliferation of connective tissue and pathology of the bladder wall, looseness of the mucous membrane, and the appearance of granulations.

Urolithiasis (urolithiasis) can begin to develop at any age. Patients experience lower back pain, pain when urinating, and frequent urination. Hypertension, low-grade fever, and cloudy urine appear. The size of the stones can vary from a few millimeters to several centimeters.

Causes of stones in the bladder:
- metabolic disorder;
- genetic predisposition;
- lack of vitamins, in particular vitamin D;
- eating a lot of pickles, hot and sour;
- chronic diseases of the digestive and urinary organs;
- long-term dehydration;
- hot climate;
- diseases of the parathyroid gland;
- diseases of the skeletal system, fractures;
- lack of ultraviolet radiation.

Treatment of urolithiasis is mainly carried out by remote or contact crushing of formed stones with subsequent acceleration of diuresis. Thanks to this, the smallest fragments of stones are quickly and relatively painlessly removed from the body.

The inability to urinate for a long time in the presence of a strong urge is a reason to immediately call an ambulance, since such urinary retention can cause bladder rupture and death of the patient.

Leukoplakia is a painful change in the mucous membrane of the bladder, in which the epithelial cells become hard and horny. In this disease, the transitional epithelial cells lining the mucous membrane are replaced by stratified squamous cells. Translated from Latin, “leukoplakia” means “plaque.”

Overactive bladder - frequent, urgent urge to urinate. Their number can exceed 8 per day. Moreover, patients do not even always manage to get to the toilet on time, which, of course, becomes a cause of embarrassment. You can cope with bladder overactivity with the help of: drug therapy; regular performance of special exercises; physiotherapy; operations.

Tumors are diseases of the bladder, the cause of which is still not clear. They are formed in the epithelial layer or appear from connective tissue. But one of the risk factors is frequent contact with aniline dyes. All tumors are divided into benign and malignant. Treatment of tumors of any type is usually performed surgically. If possible, endoscopic techniques are used for benign tumors as they are less invasive.

Bladder cancer rarely makes itself felt in the initial stages of development, but it is at this time that therapy is most effective. Of all its forms, transitional cell carcinoma is the most common - 90% and only 10% are adenocarcinoma and squamous cell form. The precursors of bladder cancer are papillomas. This disease occurs more often in men than in women.

Contributes to bladder cancer:
- smoking;
- work with aniline dyes;
- chronic inflammation;
- violations of the formation of the pelvic organs;
- irradiation of the urinary organs;
- inability to urinate on demand.

A polyp is a small growth on the mucous membrane. Polyps can vary in size, up to several centimeters. Most often, this bladder disease does not cause any specific symptoms. In some cases, there may be blood in the urine. Polyps are considered a transitional form between benign and malignant neoplasms.

Cystocele is a disease characterized by prolapse of the bladder simultaneously with prolapse of the vagina. Often with cystocele, prolapse of the urethra is also observed.

An ulcer is a disease of the bladder that forms on its inner wall. The shape of the ulcer is round, it secretes a small amount of blood and festers. The ulcer is surrounded by hyperemic tissue.

Tuberculosis of the bladder is usually observed in people whose lungs and kidneys have already been affected by this disease. Usually the pathology does not manifest itself in any way, so it is rarely diagnosed in time.

Endometriosis is an exclusively female disease of the bladder, as it develops when endometrial cells, which line the surfaces of the internal female reproductive organs, enter the bladder. The disease is manifested by the presence of blood in the urine and pain in the lower abdomen, which intensifies before menstruation.

FOLK REMEDIES FOR TREATING BLADDER DISEASES

Your doctor will tell you how to treat an inflamed bladder based on symptoms, examination and clinical tests. You can start treating the bladder with folk remedies at home; the effectiveness will depend on the cause of the disease and the stage of its development.

Many old recipes for effective folk remedies for all bladder diseases have survived to this day. Traditional medicine often turns out to be very effective and, moreover, they are safer than medications. So, in addition to drug treatment, it is quite possible to treat the bladder with folk remedies, achieving excellent results.

Treatment of bladder inflammation with folk remedies

Recipe No. 1. Euphorbia grass can immediately, without delay, destroy the disease. You will need 0.5 liters of water and 3 tablespoons of milkweed. The herb is brewed for half an hour, after which it can be consumed slowly. You just need to drink this remedy like tea.

Recipe No. 2. Treatment of the bladder with turnip juice. Turnip juice has excellent antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Before use, the squeezed juice must be boiled, then take 2 tablespoons before meals several times a day.

Recipe No. 3. Yarrow herb with its anti-inflammatory and hemostatic properties is excellent for the treatment of cystitis. Brew one tablespoon of herb with a glass of boiling water, wait until it cools, strain and drink a couple of sips before meals.

Recipe No. 4. Grind and mix 20 grams of bearberry leaves and 20 grams of linden flowers. Take 1 tablespoon of the mixture, add 250 ml of water at a temperature of 80 ° C, boil in a water bath for 15 minutes and then brew for 30 minutes. Strain and consume 200 ml at night.

Recipe No. 5. Treatment of the bladder with corn silk. Corn silk is a wonderful remedy for bladder inflammation. They are brewed, filtered and then drunk several times a day. To give the infusion a more pleasant taste, you can add a spoonful of honey to it.

Recipe No. 6. For acute cystitis, take 2 tablespoons of hop cones per 0.5 liter of boiling water. Leave for two hours. Then strain the infusion and drink half a glass 4 times a day before meals.

Recipe No. 7. Grind and mix 10 grams of hernia grass, 10 grams of steel grass root and 20 grams of white willow bark. Take 1 tablespoon of the mixture, add 250 ml of water at a temperature of 80 ° C, brew, heat for 20 minutes over low heat, leave for 2 hours. Strain and consume 2 - 3 times a day, 60 - 70 ml.

Recipe No. 8. Boil the potatoes in their skins, quickly drain the water, and knead the hot potatoes. Before this, a brick is heated, placed on the bottom of a bucket, and a pan with mashed potatoes on it. The lower part of the patient's body is wrapped and sat on a bucket. Warming up in a steam bath lasts 10 minutes, carried out every evening until the symptoms of the disease disappear. As a rule, the course of treatment is about 7 - 12 sessions.

Treatment of urolithiasis of the bladder with folk remedies:

Recipe No. 1. Treatment of the bladder by collecting herbs. Grind and mix equal parts of Bear's Ears grass and horsetail grass. Pour 1 tablespoon of the mixture with a glass of boiling water, leave for 1 hour, strain. Take 2 glasses per day for 2 weeks. Take a break for 2 weeks and repeat the course of treatment.

Recipe No. 2. Pour 1 teaspoon of finely chopped leaves and roots of fresh parsley with a glass of boiling water and, wrapping, leave for 2 - 3 hours. Strain and drink a glass a day in 3 small sips an hour before meals. You can make an infusion from parsley roots alone. In winter, dry parsley is usually used.

Recipe No. 3. One of the wonderful means that helps crush and remove stones is the following composition: shepherd's purse - 15 grams; blue cornflower - 30 grams; flax seed - 40 grams; lavender herb - 10 grams; black currant leaf -10 grams; birch leaf - 10 grams; ivy budra - 10 grams (grass); juniper fruits - 10 grams; hop cones - 10 grams; rose petals - 10 grams; bearberry leaf - 20 grams; initial letter (grass) - 20 grams; lingonberry leaf - 20 grams; plantain leaf - 20 grams; nettle leaf - 30 grams; strawberry fruits - 60 grams; horsetail (shoots) - 60 grams; knotweed (grass) - 30 grams; white acacia (buds) - 60 grams; sweet clover - 50 grams.

If you do not have all the components, then you need to mix the existing ones (but do not violate the dosage) and brew 10 grams of the mixture per 750 ml of boiling water. Take 150 ml warm. When the stone passes, the dose can be reduced to 6 grams of the mixture per 500 ml of boiling water.

Recipe No. 4. Treatment of the bladder with lemon. By drinking the juice of one lemon mixed with 1/2 cup of hot water several times a day and 1/2 cup of a mixture of carrot, beet and cucumber juice, you can make sand and stones disappear within a few days or weeks (depending on their size).

Recipe No. 5. Pour two tablespoons of crushed rosehip roots into a glass of water, boil for 15 minutes, leave, covered, until the broth cools. Strain and drink the broth 4 times a day, 1/2 cup, for a week or more. This decoction dissolves all kinds of stones in the gall and bladder and renal pelvis, breaking them into small grains of sand.

Recipe No. 6. Pass 1 cup of hemp seeds through a meat grinder, mix with 3 cups of milk and boil to 1 cup, strain while hot. Drink 1 glass per day for 5 days. After 10 days, repeat the treatment. Do not eat anything spicy during the course of treatment. There may be pain in the liver, which will go away soon. The product is used for kidney and gall bladder stones.

Recipe No. 7. Mix equal parts radish juice and natural honey. Take 1 teaspoon 3 times a day.

The most effective method of treating bladder diseases is a combination of medical therapy and treatment with folk remedies. With strict adherence to the diet prescribed by your doctor, based on your tests.

Treatment with folk remedies leads to quick, positive results, which is important for severe pain. Some remedies will relieve pain during the day, but the disease is insidious and treatment should be continued. Until complete recovery, you will have to be treated with folk remedies for up to six months, depending on the severity of the disease. And the chronic form of the disease takes even longer to treat.

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The feeling of discomfort during urination is a reason for diagnosing the urethra and bladder. Symptoms may indicate bladder disease. Where is the bladder located in the female body, what functions does it perform? What diagnosis and treatment is best for a particular pathology? Modern medicine offers many effective methods.

Location and functions of the organ

The bladder is an organ of the urinary system located behind the pubic bone in the lower part of the abdominal cavity. The bladder is needed to collect urine coming from the kidneys. It passes into the urinary canal. In the upper part of the bladder there are ureters connecting the organ with the kidneys, in the lower part there is a channel for urination.

The structure of the organ is the same in women and men. In the male half, the prostate is adjacent to the lower part of the organ, the seminal ducts are located on the sides, and in the females, the vagina and uterus are adjacent to its rear wall. The main difference between the organs in men and women is the length of the urethra: 15 cm in men and 3 cm in women. What pathologies of the bladder most often bother the fair sex?

Common pathologies

Recently, cases have become more frequent when women turned to the doctor with complaints of pain when urinating. The causes of symptoms vary. Some people have worsening chronic diseases of the kidneys and bladder, while others have diseases of other organs that also affect the urinary system. What bladder diseases do women have? What is the most effective diagnosis of bladder diseases in women?

Inflammation – cystitis

This disease is very common. The infection enters the body and causes pain and other discomfort. Microbes that cause cystitis enter the bladder from the intestines. Conditions for the rapid proliferation of microbes are stagnant processes in the pelvis or a sedentary lifestyle.

Bladder cystitis in women is very easy to detect. There is a frequent urge to urinate, but very little urine is released. There is pain when urinating, and at first you may notice blood in the urine. Treatment of even the chronic form of the disease can be successful. Properly selected complex treatment with medications gives a quick positive result, and after 7-10 days you can forget about the disease.

Cystalgia

Cystalgia in women is cystic neurosis or allergic cystitis. The reasons for its appearance may be different: changes in hormonal levels, disruptions in the functioning of the nervous system, or the development of an infection. Cystalgia most often occurs in women who are emotional and receptive. Cystalgia can occur in women who are wary of sexual activity. The pathology occurs in frigid women or those who practice coitus interruptus.

Cystalgia requires complex treatment. Several specialists are involved. In most cases, the reasons are related to the patient's mental state. Cystalgia is also treated with antispasmodics and painkillers that help remove congestion in the pelvis.

Urolithiasis (stones and sand) of the bladder

Urolithiasis occurs regardless of age. There are cases when stones are diagnosed even in children of the first year of life. Depending on the age, the composition of the stones also changes. In older people, their size is larger, and uric acid conglomerates are more often found.

There are many reasons for the appearance of stones:

• pathology of the parathyroid gland;
• metabolic disorder;
• dehydration of the body for a long time;
• genetic predisposition;
• diseases of the digestive system, urination in the chronic stage;
• pathologies of the skeletal system, fractures;
• lack of vitamins in the body, especially vitamin D;
• eating sour, spicy and fried foods;
• lack of sunlight.

Symptoms of the disease: pain in the lower back, frequent urge to urinate and pain during it, cloudy urine, hypertension and others.

Ultrasound diagnosis of bladder stones in women will determine how much pathology has affected the organ and what treatment measures to take. Also, for a clearer picture, types of research may be required: general analysis and blood biochemistry, excretory urography. Medicines are used to treat a bladder disease called urolithiasis. If the treatment does not give the desired effect, then surgery is prescribed.

Neoplasms

Neoplasms can be benign or malignant. The first group includes: endometriosis, pheochromocytomas, adenomas, papillomas. A malignant tumor is a cancer. To detect a tumor, a diagnostic method is used - cystoscopy. To treat tumors, medicine involves surgery. After removal of the tumor, the patient is prescribed a course of medication. In the most advanced cases, when the patient seeks help late, even medicine is powerless.

Leukoplakia

Leukoplakia is a painful change in the lining of the bladder. With this pathology, epithelial cells become hard and horny. Translated from Latin, the name of the disease means “plaque.” During an examination of the bladder cavity, pale areas are found on the walls, slightly rising above the mucosa. The tissue around these “plaques” is inflamed.

Signs of the disease are easy to identify. The patient experiences pain in the lower abdomen, frequent urge to urinate, and discomfort when urinating. Cystoscopy will help make an accurate diagnosis. After the diagnosis has been made, complex therapy is prescribed: antibiotics, vitamins, physiotherapy and anti-inflammatory drugs. The patient may also be prescribed removal of the affected areas using electricity.

Atony

The appearance of atony is caused by damage to the nerve endings that are located along the path of impulses from the spinal cord to the bladder. With such disorders, the patient urinates spontaneously. Urine does not come out completely, but the bladder is full. The cause of the pathology may be injury to the spine.

Polyps

A polyp is a growth on the mucous membrane of the bladder. Its size can increase greatly over time. Polyps do not cause any special symptoms; very rarely, bloody discharge may appear in the urine. Diagnostics is absolutely necessary. Polyps can be detected and removed using a procedure called cystoscopy. But this method is used only in cases where the doctor is sure that the polyp is large. Despite its small size, there are no signs. If it does not interfere with the movement of urine, no treatment is prescribed.

Other diseases

Other, no less complex and serious pathologies include:

• prolapse – cystocele;
• exstrophy;
• cyst;
• sclerosis;
• hyperactivity;
• tuberculosis;
• hernia;
• ulcer;
• endometriosis.

The causes of bladder pathologies are different, and treatment in each individual case is carried out individually. It is impossible to independently determine the signs of a particular disease. Only high-quality diagnostics helps to identify a particular disease.

Today medicine uses many modern methods and selects the best treatment. In some cases, malignant neoplasms after proper therapy allow a woman to lead a normal lifestyle.

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Bladder, vesica urinaria, is a hollow muscular organ that serves to accumulate urine and periodically excrete it through the urethra. The shape, size and location of the bladder are related to the degree of its filling with urine, as well as the condition of neighboring organs. The filled bladder has an ovoid shape, protrudes above the symphysis adjacent to the abdominal wall and displaces the peritoneum upward. This feature is taken into account in clinical practice for performing a puncture through the muscular layer of the abdominal wall to remove free fluid from the abdominal cavity in case of dropsy, astites. The volume of the bladder is 600-700 ml.
The following parts are distinguished in the bladder:- Apex, apex vesicae;
- Bottom, fundus vesicae;
- Body, corpus vasicae;
- Cervix, cervix vasicae.
The top of the bladder faces up and forward, the bottom faces back and down. The body is located between the apex and the bottom, and the neck is at the junction of the bladder and the urethra. In addition, the surfaces are distinguished: front, top, back and side. In children, the bladder is more elongated and has a spindle-shaped shape. The bladder is fixed by ligaments and muscles. The median umbilical ligament, lig, runs from the top of the bladder to the navel. umbilicale medianum, which is an overgrown channel, urachus. In addition, the bladder is fixed by smooth muscles: pubovesical, m. pubovesical, - to the pubic fusion and rectovesical, m. rectovesical - to the rectum.

Topography of the bladder

Structure of the bladder

X-ray anatomy of the bladder

Ultrasound examination of the bladder